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Avdeev I.S., Panchenko K.V., Slovareva O.Yu. Biological features and identification methods of Erwinia rhapontici (Millard 1924) Burkholder 1948 (review). Sel'skokhozyaistvennaya Biologiya [Agricultural Biology], 2026, Vol. 61, № 1, p. 40-56.
(how to cite this article)

doi: 10.15389/agrobiology.2026.1.40eng

UDC: 632.3.01/.08^579.64:

Acknowledgements:
Written within the framework of the State assignment, registration number EGISU NIOKTR 124022800050-6

 

BIOLOGICAL FEATURES AND IDENTIFICATION METHODS OF Erwinia rhapontici (Millard 1924) Burkholder 1948(review)

I.S. Avdeev1, 2 ✉, K.V. Panchenko1, O.Yu. Slovareva1, 2

1All-Russian Plant Quarantine Center, 32, ul. Pogranichnaya, Bykovo, Ramensky Municipal District, Moscow Provice, Russia 140150, e-mail avdeevfey@mail.ru  (✉ corresponding author), ksushik96@mail.ru, slovareva.olga@gmail.com
2RUDN University, 6, ul. Miklouho-Maclay, Moscow, Russia 117198

ORCID:
Avdeev I.S. orcid.org/0009-0006-9266-7073
Slovareva O.Yu. orcid.org/0000-0001-6022-5955
Panchenko K.V. orcid.org/0009-0007-1308-8645

Final revision received April 21, 2025
Accepted July 06, 2025

The phytopathogenic bacterium Erwinia rhapontici (=Pectobacterium rhapontici) causes bacteriosis in a number of crops and causes significant economic damage in its distribution areas (H.C. Huang et al., 2003). In Russia, E. rhapontici as a phytopathogen has been poorly studied, and only four cases of its detection are known (R.I. Gvozdyak et al., 1987; A.M. Lazarev et al., 2020; A.S. Dymnich, E.V. Glinskaya, 2022; O.Yu. Slovareva et al. 2025). Exacerbation of the epiphytotic situation involving E. rhapontici (M.J. Jeger et al., 2023), as well as the need to ensure the absence of a pathogen in exported from Russia to China, Sudan, etc. grain products, determine the relevance of collecting and analyzing information on the biological features and identification methods of E. rhapontici. The phytopathogen was first discovered in 1924 in England. Since then, the nomenclature of the bacterium has changed many times, and currently the full approved name is Erwinia rhapontici (Millard 1924) Burkholder 1948 (G.M. Garrity et al., 2007). The range of the phytopathogen is located in a number of countries in America, Asia, Europe and Oceania. The bacterium causes pink grain bacteriosis in cereals and legumes, as well as mild rot and other symptoms in a wide range of plants from such botanical families as Actinidiaceae, Araceae, Amaranthaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Apiaceae, Asparagaceae, Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Ericaceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Moraceae, Poaceae, Polygonaceae, Primulaceae, Orchidaceae, Rosaceae, Rutaceae, Solanaceae. The source of infection is seeds, plant residues and soil (H.C. Huang, R.S. Erickson, 2003). The determining condition for the development of bacteriosis is mechanical damage to plants (J.E. Sellwood, R.A. Lelliott, 1978). The bacterium is rod-shaped, gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, motile, and has several peritrichial flagella (Y. Hashidoko et al., 2002). E. rhapontici is capable of fermenting a wide range of carbohydrates, but the main feature that distinguishes it from most other species is its ability to ferment isomaltulose and its bioconversion from sucrose (A.J. Sardiña-Peña et al., 2023). The bacterium demonstrates sensitivity to certain antimicrobial substances, such as erythromycin, streptomycin, neomycin, meropenem, enrofloxacin, cefoperazone, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, oregano oil and compounds produced by Bacillus velezensis (H.C. Huang et al., 2003; I.S. Avdeev et al. 2025; M.J. Simirgiotis et al., 2020; J. Wilson et al., 2023). Detection of E. rhapontici in plant and seed material is carried out using pre-sample preparation methods, which consist in surface sterilization of samples and preparation of flushes or extraction, sometimes followed by centrifugation in order to increase the concentration of bacterial cells in the sample (D. Wang et al., 2017). The culture of the phytopathogen is isolated on general purpose media. The isolated cultures are identified by biochemical, molecular genetic, and mass spectrometric methods. Classical methods such as Hiss's "Color Row" and commercial test systems are used for biochemical identification (R.R. Salikhov et al., 2021; K.A. Wise et al., 2008). PCR amplification of various regions of the E. rhapontici genome, followed by sequencing, is widely used worldwide (A.O. Adesemoye et al., 2016; J. Wang et al., 2022; O.Yu. Slovareva et al. 2025). There are several species-specific PCR assays that target different nucleotide sequences unique to E. rhapontici (M. Tsuji et al., 2020; S.P. Thapa et al., 2012; I. Gehring, K. Geider, 2012; T. Naas et al., 2004). Time-of-flight mass spectrometry with laser desorption-ionization assisted by a matrix (MALDI-TOF MS) can be used to identify E. rhapontici with a high degree of reliability (T. Kovacs et al., 2020). The collected information on the biological properties and existing methods of identification of E. rhapontici can be used in the development of diagnostic techniques and identification of promising areas for further study of this phytopathogen.

Keywords:bacterioses of grain crops, crown rot, identification of phytopathogens, pink grain of wheat and rye, MALDI-TOF, PCR, plant protection and quarantine.

 

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