Sel’skokhozyaistvennaya Biologiya [Agricultural Biology], 2017, Vol. 52, № 5, p. 878-894
(how to cite this article).

doi: 10.15389/agrobiology.2017.5.878eng

UDC 633.31/.37:631.461.52:577.1

Acknowlegdgements:
Supported financially by Russian Science Foundation (№ 14-04-00383) and by grant from President of the Russian Federation for leading scientific schools (НШ-6759.2016.4)

 

ANTIOXIDANT DEFENSE SYSTEM IN SYMBIOTIC NODULES
OF LEGUMES (review)

K.A. Ivanova, V.E. Tsyganov

All-Russian Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Federal Agency of Scientific Organizations, 3, sh. Podbel’skogo, St. Petersburg, 196608 Russia,
e-mail tsyganov@arriam.spb.ru (corresponding author)

ORCID:
Ivanova K.A. orcid.org/0000-0002-9119-065X
Tsyganov V.E. orcid.org/0000-0003-3105-8689

Received December 22, 2015

Nitrogen-fixing nodules are formed on the roots of leguminous plants as a result of their interaction with soil bacteria, called rhizobia. Nodule development is based on the exchange of signaling molecules that leads to coordinated gene expression in both partners. This process is accompanied by differentiation of both plant and bacterial cells leading to formation of infected plant cells, filled with nitrogen-fixing forms of rhizobia, called bacteroids. The bacteroid is separated from the plant cell cytoplasm by the peribacteroid membrane and forms an organelle-like structure called the symbiosome (A.V. Tsyganova et al., 2017). The main function of the symbiotic nodule is to maintain the microaerophilic conditions required for working of the rhizobial nitrogen fixation enzyme — nitrogenase, which is extremely sensitive to oxygen. Nitrogen-fixing nodules produce an abundance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). These are formed due to auto-oxidation of leghemoglobin in the cytoplasm, oxidation of nitrogenase and ferredoxin in symbiosomes, and functioning of electron transport chains in mitochondria, symbiosomes, and peroxisomes (C. Chang et al., 2009). ROS and RNS molecules are involved in different signal transduction pathways; therefore, the nodule antioxidant system cannot simply eliminate ROS and RNS, but must maintain their concentration in the cell at the certain level (C.W. Ribeiro et al., 2015). Most antioxidants presented in plant organs are also found in the nodule, however, at a higher concentration, which is probably due to the high intensity of the processes associated with biological nitrogen fixation. These are enzymes superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione peroxidase, and peroxiredoxins, as well as millimolar concentrations of non-enzymatic elements (primarily ascorbic acid and glutathione) (M. Becana et al., 2010). It has been discovered that Legumes harbor a unique homologue of glutathione, homoglutathione, both of which exhibit similar functions and specificity. However, it is still not clear why some Legumes evolved the ability to synthesize two different thiol compounds and require a double regulatory mechanism of the cell cycle including activation by glutathione and inhibition of cytokinesis by homoglutathione (T. Pasternak et al., 2014). It has now been shown that an increase in the level of glutathione leads to an increase in the efficiency of nitrogen fixation, while there is no similar data for homoglutathione. Considering that for the functioning of the nodule a balance in the ratio of glutathione and homoglutathione is necessary, it is evident that increasing the level of nitrogen fixation by modifying the levels of these thiols is a non-trivial task. Moreover, it is necessary to account for the influence of other components of the antioxidant system. It should be noted that the rhizobial antioxidants play an important role in the functioning of the nitrogen fixing nodule (C.W. Ribeiro et al., 2015). In this review, we will consider the main components of the plant antioxidant system in the nodule. A deeper understanding of its functioning is necessary to develop conditions for increasing the efficiency of biological nitrogen fixation.

Keywords: symbiotic nodule, antioxidants, redox potential, glutathione, homoglutathione, ascorbate, ascorbate-glutathione cycle, thiol peroxidases, redoxins, superoxide dismutase.

 

Full article (Rus)

Full text (Eng)

 

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