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Fornara M.S., Leshchenko I.A., Kuvika I.S. Ethological and genetic basis of resistance of honey bee (Apis mellifera) to Varroa destructor mites (review). Sel'skokhozyaistvennaya Biologiya [Agricultural Biology], 2025, Vol. 60, № 6, p. 941-954.
(how to cite this article)

doi: 10.15389/agrobiology.2025.6.941eng

UDC: 638.1:57.02

Acknowledgements:
Supported financially by the Russian Science Foundation, project No. 25-16-00176

 

ETHOLOGICAL AND GENETIC BASIS OF RESISTANCE OF HONEY BEE (Apis mellifera) TO Varroa destructor MITES (review)

M.S. Fornara✉, I.A. Leshchenko, I.S. Kuvika

Ernst Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry, 60, pos. Dubrovitsy, Podolsk District, Moscow Province, 142132 Russia, e-mail margaretfornara@gmail.com (✉ corresponding author), hellobrat5@gmail.com, kuvika2000@mail.ru

ORCID:
Fornara M.S. orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-177X
Kuvika I.S. orcid.org/0009-0000-6658-0114
Leshchenko I.A. orcid.org/0009-0002-5821-2682

Final revision received September 24, 2025
Accepted October 16, 2025

The honey bee (Apis mellifera) is a key pollinator and an important model organism for studying social behavior, immunity, and adaptation (N. Gallai et al., 2009; S.A.M. Khalifa et al., 2021). Bee populations worldwide are adapting to various conditions, pathogens, and parasites, such as the mite Varroa destructor (D. Goulson et al., 2015; D. Frizzera et al., 2023). Understanding the genetic basis of these adaptive traits remains a priority task in apicultural science. The aim of this review is to systematize modern scientific approaches to studying the genetic and behavioral mechanisms of honey bee resistance to the parasitic mite Varroa destructor and to evaluate the prospects of their application in breeding programs, including traditional selection methods and innovative genomic technologies. Infestation by V. destructor negatively impacts beekeeping by reducing the lifespan of bees (D. Annoscia et al., 2015; B. Han et al., 2024). Mites also serve as vectors for viral diseases (M.E. Oz et al., 2025; K.S. Traynor et al., 2020). Bees exhibiting hygienic behavior (Varroa-Sensitive Hygiene, VSH) are capable of detecting, uncapping, and removing infested brood (F. Mondet et al., 2020; R.M. Russo et al., 2024). Research has deepened the understanding of the neurobiological basis of VSH, revealing the role of oleic acid and olfactory receptors in sensors (A. McAfee et al., 2018), as well as the coordination of actions by performers (K.M. Wagoner et al., 2020; K.A. Khan et al., 2021). Traditional methods for evaluating hygienic behavior have limitations, which stimulates the development of standardized approaches (O.A. Modin, 2012). The low frequency of hygienic behavior underscores the relevance of selective breeding. Naturally resistant bee populations, for example on Gotland Island (S. Thaduri et al., 2018), in France (Y. Le Conte et al., 2007), and Norway (M.A.Y. Oddie et al., 2017), are valuable genetic resources. Grooming is another resistance factor, in which bees remove mites from their own or another's body (D.J. Pritchard et al., 2016). Africanized bees serve as an example of high grooming activity (C. Invernizzi et al., 2015). Genetic studies reveal factors of bee susceptibility to pathogens. Resistance to varroosis is associated with differences in physiology and behavior (Y. Zhang et al., 2010), while genomic resources from the "Honey Bee Genome Project" (G.E. Robinson et al., 2006) are actively used. The study of QTL (D. Behrens et al., 2011) and SNP (A. Spotter et al., 2016) has identified genetic markers associated with hygienic behavior, including genes related to olfaction, the nervous system (Neurexin-1, octopamine receptors), immune response (hymenoptaecin), and ecdysone metabolism (Mblk-1) (R. Parker et al., 2012; J.D. Evans et al., 2019). Large-scale studies (M. Sotek et al., 2025) and targeted selection for suppressed mite reproduction (M.G. De Lorio et al., 2025) demonstrate the success of population improvement. Active groomers show a specific gene expression pattern, including Neurexin-1, poly-U-binding factor. kd 68, and cytochrome P450 (M.M. Hamiduzzaman et al., 2017), with Neurexin-1 proposed as a molecular biomarker (D. Kabakcı et al., 2025). The CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing system (Y. Ishino et al., 1987; F.J. Mojica et al., 1993) provides targeted gene modifications (X.F. Hu et al., 2019), allows for investigation of caste development (A. Roth et al., 2019), creation of pesticide-resistant bees (E. Inak et al., 2024) and editing the genomes of symbionts (P.J. Lariviere et al., 2024; Q. Huang et al., 2023). However, the application of CRISPR is associated with technical, ethical, and regulatory challenges. In the future, CRISPR will serve as a tool for validating candidate genes for traditional breeding. Achieving success in breeding bee colonies resistant to varroosis requires integrating traditional breeding methods with advanced genomic technologies. This includes studying hygienic behavior and grooming, identifying genetic markers, and using molecular biomarkers. A balanced approach is necessary, which not only increases resistance to Varroa but also preserves the economic traits of bees. The implementation of integrated strategies, international cooperation, and standardization of methods are critically important for creating resistant honey bee populations in the long term.

Keywords: honey bee, Varroa destructor mite, hygienic behavior, grooming, genetic markers.

 

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