doi: 10.15389/agrobiology.2018.6.1131eng
UDC 636:615.9:546.815
METABOLISM AND MECHANISMS OF CYTOTOXIC ACTION
OF THE LEAD IN MAMMALS (review)
E.B. Mirzoev, V.O. Kobyalko, I.V. Polyakova, O.A. Gubina
Russian Research Institute of Radiology and Agroecology, 109 km, Kievskoe sh., Obninks, Kaluzhskaya Province, 249032 Russia, e-mail mirzoev.ed@yandex.ru (✉ corresponding author), kobyalko@yandex.ru, irinaamchenkina@mail.ru, olgubina@yandex.ru
ORCID:
Mirzoev E.B. orcid.org/0000-0002-3182-9466
Polyakova I.V. orcid.org/0000-0003-1602-7921
Kobyalko V.O. orcid.org/0000-0001-8542-7748
Gubina O.A. orcid.org/0000-0002-4413-8373
The authors declare no conflict of interests
Received July 7, 2016
The real ecological situation in the Russian Federation is characterized by environmental pollution with lead compounds (V.V. Snakin, 1998). The mode of action, intake, distribution in animal body and excretion of this toxic heavy metal are substantial to establish its permissible limits and biological effects. These data are constantly replenished and require updating to reflect changes in climatic and environmental conditions, anthropogenic impacts, and geographic differences. Absorption of lead in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of mammals depends on the permeability of the membrane of intestinal epithelial cells and is influenced by physicochemical properties of a compound (concentration, particle size, mineralogical composition, solubility in the liquid environment of GIT, ionic potential, atomic mass), physiological feaatures of an organism (metabolism, body weight, age, gender, pregnancy, lactation), the diet composition and levels of protein, cellulose, calcium, zinc, iron, manganese, and vitamin D (J.A. Jamieson et al., 2006, D.J. Mac-Lachlan et al., 2016; O.A. Levander, 1979; C.J.C. Phillips et al., 2011). These factors characterize the parameters of uncertainty, which are partially excluded in determining the content of lead in the peripheral blood of mammals. In peripheral blood, lead is transported by red blood cells and accumulates mainly in the liver, kidneys and bones. In fact, the toxic effect of lead on mammals depends on its accumulation in organs and tissues. Lead is excreted from mammals with faeces and urine, as well as through wool, milk, sweat glands and fetus. The half-life of the metal from the soft tissues and peripheral blood is 24-40 days. The toxic effect of lead on the organs and tissues is due to a decrease in the cell number of (E.B. Mirzoev et al., 2015). Reducing of viable cell number to a certain critical level leads to functional violations and toxic effects. Activation of free radical lipid peroxidation (LPO) and violation of Ca2+ homeostasis are the main mechanisms of cytotoxic action of Pb2+ ions (G. Flora et al., 2012; A. Roy et al., 2016; E.A. Veal et al., 2007; A.W. Harman et al., 1995). Mechanisms of regulation of cellular metabolism include, on the one hand, changes in the intensity of the process of free radical LPO, and on the other hand, modifications of the lipid composition of membranes (E.B. Burlakova, 2007). Activation of free radical LPO by lead is due not only to the generation of reactive oxygen species, but also to a decrease in the activity of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase and catalase. Changes in the composition of biological membranes affect the activity of membrane-bound proteins, i.e. enzymes, channel-forming proteins, receptors, which affects Ca2+ homeostasis and cell functioning a whole (R. Jahn et al., 2003, A.H. Kahn-Kirby et al., 2004). Mitochondria which provide cells with energy play a role in the cytotoxic action of Pb2+ ions (M. Bragadin et al., 2007). The big data analysis on Pb pollution will determine the strategy for further study of lead action, as well as the methods to solve the problem.
Keywords: lead, cytotoxic effect, calcium, blood, organ, feed, absorption, lipid peroxidation.
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