PLANT BIOLOGY

ANIMAL BIOLOGY

SUBSCRIPTION

E-SUBSCRIPTION

MAP

MAIN PAGE

Сельскохозяйственная биология, 2010, № 6, с. 67-70.

УДК 636.32/.38:591.1:636.087.7

CONSUMPTION OF RATION NUTRIENTS AND PRODUCTIVITY IN PREGNANT EWES AT THE FEEDING BY PROTECTED FAT PROFAT ADDITION

V.V. Mungin, V.I. Matyaev

On pregnant ewes of the prekos breed in the conditions of scientific-practical experiment at the beginning, middle and end of pregnancy the authors studied the influence of fat content in rations, enriched by protected fat Profat addition on digestion of ration nutrients and also on economical-biological indices (live weight gain, hair length, productivity, lamb’s live weight at birth). The doses of Profat addition were revealed, which is optimal for various periods of pregnancy.

Key woeds: pregants ewes, Profat, diet, fat, hinoleie acid, a gain, wool, diesting, parity of fatty acids.

 

Lipid nutrition of animals plays an important role in metabolism, which makes this issue of increasing attention. The unique feature of ruminants is the continuous digestion and absorption of lipids, which leads to the absence of alimentary lipemia. Before intestinal absorption, formation of micellar lipid forms is being  provided by lyzolecytine in ruminants, while in monogastric animals, this function is performed by monoacylglyceroles (1). The specific trait of sheep is synthesis in rumen of large amounts of volatile fatty acids, which are used in the formation of wool fat.

Development of metabolism, future productivity, as well as quality and number of progeny in mainly determined during the prenatal period; according to experimental data, feeding and assimilation of nutrients directly affect the development of young animals after birth (2-3). Deficiency, excess or misbalanced ratio of fat and fatty acids in animals’ diet lead to stunted growth, metabolic disturbances, lower digestibility and reduce in effective consumption of feed nutrients, productivity and product quality (4-9). However, indices of fat and fatty acids are not included into modern detailed rates of feeding sheep (1993).

In this regard, the purpose of this study was to determine optimal fat content of linoleic acid and the ratio of fatty acids when adding into diets of pregnant ewes of the protected fat supplement Profat.

Technique. The scientific-economic experiment was carried out in the sheep farm “Konopatskoe”  (Old-Shaygovskii region of the Republic of Mordovia) upon pregnant ewes the breed Prekos (three groups of 15 ewes were formed by the principle of analogues in origin, live weight, age and duration of pregnancy) during  180 days. Rations were composed according to chemical composition of local feeds  and physiological condition of ewes (beginning, middle and end of pregnancy). Control ewes (I group) were given a traditional basic diet (BD): brome hay, barley-rich haylage and barley grinded meal, as well as salt, sulfur and salts of missing micronutrients;  daily fat contents in a diet were 44,5, 48,1 and 53,1 g, or 2,8, 3,0 and 3,2% of dry matter, respectively, in the beginning, middle and late pregnancy. The diet of group II contained  56,8, 64,4 and 78,3 g daily, or 3,5,  4,0 and 4,6% of dry matter (i.e., respectively,  26, 33 and 43% more than in control), group III - respectively,  69,0, 80,7 and 103,5 g , or 4,3, 5,0 and 6,0% of dry matter (i.e., 53, 66 and 87% more than in control).

Nutrient digestibility and fatty acid composition of forages and diets were determined in the accredited test laboratory for quality of biological objects, feeding livestock and poultry at the Research and Development Institute “Agrocomplex” of the Agrarian Institute (№ ROSS RU.0001.21 PSch 16, 10/10/2002 № РОСС RU.0001.21 ПЩ 16, 10.10.2002) of N.P. Ogarev Mordovia State University (Saransk). Lipids from animal feed and supplements were isolated by extraction according to Soxhlet and Folch under the descriptions of P.T. Lebedev  and A.G. Usovich (1969). Methyl esters of fatty acids were analyzed on the liquid phase chromatograph Crystal Lux-4000 (Russia) using a flame-ionization detector. Fatty acids were separated on glass columns of 200 cm long the internal diameter 3 mm, filled with chromo-sorbitol W (“Sigma”, USA) (particle size 100/200 mesh) coated with 3% OV-225. Distillation of samples was performed during 100 min at the temperature of 180 °C; the temperature of evaporator and detector  - respectively, 210 and 240 °C; flow of gas-carrier (nitrogen), hydrogen and air – respectively,  25, 60 and 300 ml/min. Partial fatty acids were identified by comparing with standards (“Sigma”, USA), the chromatograms were processed by the method developed by I.F. Reaves and I.V. Skorokhod (1981).

The results were statistically treated according to E.K. Merkur'eva (1964).

Results. Different contents of fat in animals’ diet were provided owing to use of the protected fat supplement Profat (“Schils BV”, the Netherlands). Profat contains crude fat (84%) including palmitic, oleic, linolenic, stearic and myristic acid (respectively, 44,0,  40,0,  9,5,  5,0 and 1,5%) (Table 1).

The containment of Profat pellets decomposes in acidic medium of abomasums, and, after hydrolysis, free fatty acids with calcium are being digested and assimilated in the duodenum. Therefore (in contrast to animal fats and vegetable oils), Profat doesn’t suppress the development of microflora in the rumen and doesn’t inhibit absorption of cellulose in ewes.
It was established that unequal contents of fat affect digestibility of dietary nutrients. The best results were observed in group II: digestibility of dry substances significantly increased compared with control - by 3,13-4,21% (P <0,05), organic matter - by 3,31-3,50% (P <0,05), crude protein - by3,13-3,26% (P <0,05), crude fat - by 1,78-3,17% (P <0,05) (Table 2). In group III, the fat content of 26-43% above the optimal rate hasn’t led to a further increase in digestibility of dietary nutrients. In other words, the extra demand for nutrients during pregnancy owing to increased activity of the endocrine system, development of mammary glands and fetal growth, is satisfied by functioning of rumen microflora, whose high activity in animals of group II was provided by sufficient supply with fat and linoleic acid.

In ewes of group I given low-fat diets, body weight at the end of the experiment was significantly lower (Table 3), in group II-reliably higher: in late pregnancy, they exceeded the ewes of group I at 2,5 kg (P < 0,05), by average daily weight gain - at 34,9% (P <0,05). Growth of animals of group III was slightly depressed, while daily increase was 21,7% higher than in group I.

The tested diets caused a positive effect on growth rate of wool in pregnant ewes. By the end of experiment, groups II and III showed increase in wool length respectively 6,40 and 6,25 cm vs. 5,65 cm in group I (P <0,05).
Contents of fat, linoleic acid and the ratio of fatty acids affected fertility of ewes. In group II, the multi-fetal parturition calculated per 100 ewes-mothers was 13,4% higher than in group I and 6,75% higher than in group III. The lambs born from ewes of group II were 12% larger than those in group I. Increased doses of fat in the diet of group III didn’t cause any significant impact on this parameter.

Thus, daily diet of pregnant ewes in early, mid and late pregnancy should contain fat content (dry matter), of, respectively, 3,55,  4,00 and 4,60%, or 56,8,  64,4 and 78,3 g/(goalsday) (1,1, 1,2 and 1,3 g/kg body weight). The optimum quantity of linoleic acid in pregnancy – respectively, 7,7, 8,7 and 10,6 g/(goalsday), or 0,49, 0,54 and 0,62% of dietary dry matter. Optimum ratio of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in pregnancy - 0,45:1, 0,49:1 and 0,55:1. To meet the needs of pregnant ewes in raw fat, linoleic and other fatty acids, the protected fat supplement Profat is recommended for use  (respectively, 15, 20 and 25 g daily per ewe in different periods of pregnancy).

REFERENCES

1. Garton G.A., Metabolism and Physiological Significance of Lipids, New York, Sydney, 1964.
2. Bogdanov G.A., Kormlenie selskokhozyaistvennykh zhivotnykh (Feeding of Farm Animals), Moscow, 1990.
3. Lapshin S.A., Biologicheskie osnovy ratsional’nogo kormleniya beremennykh ovets (Biological Basics for Balanced Nutrition of Pregnant Ewes), Saransk, 1988.
4. Aliev A.A., Lipidnyi obmen i produktivnost’ zhvachnykh zhivotnykh (Lipid Metabolism and Productivity of Ruminant Animals), Moscow, 1980.
5. Arkhipof A.V., Lipidnoe pitaniye, produktivnost ptitsy i kachestvo produktsii ptitsevodstva (Bird’s Lipid Nutrition, Productivity and Quality of Poultry Products), Moscow, 2007.
6. Babayants V., Shtele A. and Popova L., Productivity Properties of Broiler Chickens Fed the Mixed Feed with Dry Fat Additive “Bergafat”, in Math. Mezhd. conf. “Innovatsionnyeresheniyavyaichnomptitsevodstve” (Proc. Int. Conf. “Innovative Solutions in Egg Poultry Farming”), Gelendzhik,  2007, pp. 176-181.
7. Dmitrieva A.M., Poly-Unsaturated Fatty Acids and Their Role in Metabolism, in Mat. 3-go Mezhd. simp. “Sovremennye problemy veterinarnoi dietologii i nutritsevtiki” (Proc. III Int. symp. “Modern Problems of Veterinary Dietology and Nutriceutics”), St.Petersburg, 2005, pp. 188-190. 
8. Yanovich V.G. and Lagoduk P.Z., Obmen lipidov u zhvachnykh v ontogeneze (Lipid Metabolism of Ruminants in Ontogeny), Moscow, 1991.
9. Atteh I. and Lesson S., Effects of Fatty Acids and Calcium Levels on Performance and Mineral Metabolism of Broiler Chickens, Poultry Sci., 1983, vol. 62, no. 12, pp. 2412-2419.

N.P. Ogarev Mordovia State University, the Agrarian Insitute, Saransk, Yalga settlement 430904, Russia, e-mail: agro-inst@adm.mrsu.ru

Received December 1, 2008

All-Russian Institute for Selection and Seed-Breeding of Vegetables All-Russian Selection and Technological Institute of Horticulture and Breeding Nursery Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology Joint Stock Company "GosNIISyntezBelok"