PLANT BIOLOGY
ANIMAL BIOLOGY
SUBSCRIPTION
E-SUBSCRIPTION
 
MAP
MAIN PAGE

 

 

 

 

Ustimenko A.V., Abilov A.I. Sexed semen in animal husbandry (review). Sel'skokhozyaistvennaya Biologiya [Agricultural Biology], 2025, Vol. 60, № 4, p. 565-580.
(how to cite this article)

doi: 10.15389/agrobiology.2025.4.565eng

UDC: 636.018:591.16:57.017.5

 

SEXED SEMEN IN ANIMAL HUSBANDRY (review)

A.V. Ustimenko✉, A.I. Abilov

Ernst Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry, 60, pos. Dubrovitsy, Podolsk District, Moscow Province, 142132 Russia, e-mail anna-ustimenko94@mail.ru (✉ corresponding author), ahmed.abilov@mail.ru

ORCID:
Ustimenko A.V. orcid.org/0009-0001-3839-4469
Abilov A.I. orcid.org/0000-0001-6236-8634

Final revision received March 12, 2025
Accepted April 03, 2025

The development of biotechnology in dairy cattle breeding is aimed at intensifying the selection process, increasing productivity and economic efficiency of reproduction. One of the key technologies that allows for a targeted influence on the sex of the offspring and the quality of the herd is the use of sexed sperm. This technology is especially relevant in the dairy direction, where the birth of heifers is of crucial importance for the formation of replacement young stock and enhancing genetic progress (G.E. Seidel Jr., 2003; E.A. Oleksievich, 2020). The first successful technology for determining the sex of sperm was based on flow cytometry (B.L. Gledhill et al., 1982) which made it possible to separate sperm based on the content of DNA stained with the fluorescent dye Hoechst 33342 (Garner D.L., 2009). Later, improved methods SexedULTRA™ and Sexcel™ were developed, aimed at reducing damaging factors during the sorting process (G.E. Seidel et al., 2014; R.W. Lenz et al., 2017). Despite the high accuracy of the technology, sperm separation by sex has a negative impact on the morphology and physiological characteristics of sperm: DNA fragmentation increases, ATP content and motility decrease (A.I. Abilov et al., 2021; M.I. Dunin, 2010). It was also found that the dye and laser cause phototoxic and thermal damage, disrupting mitochondrial activity in sperm (D. Rath et al., 2013). The fertility of sexed sperm varies significantly and depends on a number of factors: the physiological state of the animal, the frequency of insemination, the accuracy of ovulation synchronization, housing conditions and personnel qualifications. In heifers, with a correctly selected insemination scheme and compliance with the technology, the pregnancy rate can reach 55-60 % (G.E. Seidel Jr. et al., 1999; S. Diers et al., 2020), while in dairy cows it usually fluctuates between 21-45 % (D.L. Garner et al., 2013; K. Oikawa et al., 2019). In addition, in recent years, alternative methods for sperm separation have been developed. Among them are the immunological approach based on the difference in surface proteins of X- and Y-spermatozoa (E. Barsuren et al., 2018); a method using gold nanoparticles and magnetic sorting; proteomic analysis of sperm membranes to identify sex markers (J. Quelhas et al., 2021). These methods are at the experimental stage, but show potential for improving accuracy and reducing the negative consequences of sorting. The use of sexed sperm in combination with embryo transfer programs expands the possibilities of targeted reproduction, especially when using highly productive donors. However, during in vitro production, a decrease in the percentage of cleavage and the yield of high-quality blastocysts was noted (R.D. Wilson et al., 2005). Nevertheless, recent developments make it possible to successfully use embryo transfer schemes using sexed semen, especially with strict adherence to technological regulations (N.A. Zinovieva, 2020; A. Velazquez et al., 2020). Thus, despite the high cost, sensitivity to storage conditions and reduced fertility rates, sexed semen technology remains in demand and promising in dairy cattle breeding. It allows for effective management of the herd's genetic potential and acceleration of selection (D.J. Cottle et al., 2018; M. Osada et al., 2019). Further research in the field of improving sorting technology, increasing fertility and integration with other reproductive methods is of considerable interest to both the scientific community and enterprises.

Keywords: sexed semen, heifers, cow’s conception rate, sex determination, reproductive function.

 

REFERENCES

  1. Arsent’eva M.G., Kvashina O.N. Izvestiya Velikolukskoy gosudarstvennoy sel’skokhozyaystvennoy akademii, 2020, 3: 55-61 (in Russ.).
  2. Gerasimova A.S., Kol’tsov D.N., Tatueva O.V., Kononenko S.I. Sbornik nauchnikh trudov Krasnodarskogo nauchnogo tsentra po zootekhnii i veterinarii, 2014, 3(1): 70-75 (in Russ.).
  3. Kistanova E., Yotov S., Zaimova D. Intelligent animal husbandry: present and future. Animals, 2024, 14(11): 1645 CrossRef
  4. Hashem N.M., Gonzalez-Bulnes A. State-of-the-art and prospective of nanotechnologies for smart reproductive management of farm animals. Animals, 2020, 10(5): 840 CrossRef
  5. Quelhas J., Pinto-Pinho P., Lopes G., Rocha A., Pinto-Leite R., Fardilha M., Colaço B. Sustainable animal production: exploring the benefits of sperm sexing technologies in addressing critical industry challenges. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 2023, 10: 1181659 CrossRef
  6. Artemova E.I., Plotnikova E.V., Obolenskaya M.N. Vestnik akademii znaniy, 2020, 3 (38): 44-49 (in Russ.).
  7. Kalmikov Z.T., Tuzov I.N., Shevchenko D.O., Tuzova Yu.A. Politematicheskiy setevoy elektronniy nauchniy zhurnal Kubanskogo gosudarstvennogo agrarnogo universiteta, 2022, 183: 115-129 (in Russ.).
  8. Oleksievich E.A. Sbornik nauchnikh trudov po materialam mezhdunarodnoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii «Nauchnoe obespechenie razvitiya APK v usloviyakh importozameshcheniya» [Proc. Int. Conf. «Scientific support for the development of the agro-industrial complex in the context of import substitution»].St. Petersburg, 2020: 284-285 (in Russ.).
  9. Ryabova T.F., Minaeva E.V., Yutkina O.V. Pishchevaya promishlennost’, 2018, 8: 49-51 (in Russ.).
  10. Wellmann R., Rolfes A., Rensing S., Bennewitz J. Economic benefits of herd genotyping and using sexed semen for pure and beef-on-dairy breeding in dairy herds. Journal of Dairy Science, 2024, 107(5): 2983-2998 CrossRef
  11. Golovan’ V.T., Leshchuk A.G., Kucheryavenko A.V., Vedishchev V.A. Sbornik nauchnikh trudov Krasnodarskogo nauchnogo tsentra po zootekhnii i veterinarii, 2016, 5(1): 159-165 (in Russ.).
  12. Vishwanath R., Moreno J.F. Semen sexing—current state of the art with emphasis on bovine species. Animal, 2018, 12(s1): s85-s96 CrossRef
  13. Quelhas J., Santiago J., Matos B., Rocha A., Lopes G., Fardilha M. Bovine semen sexing: Sperm membrane proteomics as candidates for immunological selection of X‐and Y‐chromosome‐bearing sperm. Veterinary Medicine and Science, 2021, 7(5): 1633-1641 CrossRef
  14. Kozheko N.P., Shurmanova E.I. Molodezh’ i nauka, 2019, 2: 74-74 (in Russ.).
  15. Gaur P., Saini G., Saharan P., Bisla A., Yadav V. Sex sorted semen-methods, constraints and future perspective. Veterinary Research International, 2020, 8(4): 368-375.
  16. Sinclair A.H., Berta P., Palmer M.S., Hawkins J.R., Griffiths B.L., Smith M.J., Jamie W. Foster, Frischauf A-M., Lovell-Badge R., Goodfellow P.N. A gene from the human sex-determining region encodes a protein with homology to a conserved DNA-binding motif. Nature, 1990, 346(6281): 240-244 CrossRef
  17. Krasavtsev Yu.F. Veterinarnaya patologiya, 2005, 4(15): 61-66 (in Russ.).
  18. Skjervold H., James J.W. Causes of variation in the sex ratio in dairy cattle. Zeitschrift Fur Tierzuchtung und Zuchtungsbiologie,1979, 95(3): 293-305 CrossRef
  19. Charnov E.L., Gotshall D.W., Robinson J.G. Sex ratio: adaptive response to population fluctuations in pandalid shrimp. Science, 1978, 200(4338): 204-206 CrossRef
  20. Charnov E.L., Los-den Hartogh R.L., Jones W.T., Van den Assem J. Sex ratio evolution in a variable environment. Nature, 1981, 289(5793): 27-33 CrossRef
  21. Cameron E.Z. Facultative adjustment of mammalian sex ratios in support of the Trivers–Willard hypothesis: evidence for a mechanism. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 2004, 271(1549): 1723-1728 CrossRef
  22. Shreder V.N. Fiziologiya i biokhimiya vozniknoveniya i regulyatsii pola u zhivotnikh [Physiology and biochemistry of the sex origin and regulation in animals]. Moscow, 1965 (in Russ.).
  23. De Vries A., Overton M., Fetrow J., Leslie K., Eicker S., Rogers G. Exploring the impact of sexed semen on the structure of the dairy industry. Journal of Dairy Science, 2008, 91(2): 847-856 CrossRef
  24. Naniwa Y., Sakamoto Y., Toda S., Uchiyama K. Bovine sperm sex‐selection technology in Japan. Reproductive Medicine and Biology, 2019, 18(1): 17-26 CrossRef
  25. Xie Y., Xu Z., Wu Z., Hong L. Sex manipulation technologies progress in livestock: a review. Frontiers in veterinary science, 2020, 7: 481 CrossRef
  26. Sheveleva O.M., Fateeva A.A. MaterialyMezhdunarodnoynauchno-prakticheskoykonferentsii molodikh uchenikh i spetsialistov «Dostizheniya agrarnoy nauki dlya obespecheniya prodovol’stvennoy bezopasnosti Rossiyskoy Federatsii» [Proc. Int. Conf. of young scientists and specialists «Achievements of agricultural science to ensure food security of the Russian Federation»]. Tyumen’, 2021: 467-470 (in Russ.).
  27. Boneya G. Sexed semen and major factors affecting its conception rate in dairy cattle. International Journal of Advanced Research in Biological Sciences, 2021, 8(1): 99-107 CrossRef
  28. Patthanawong W., Pongpiachan P., Mekchay S. Production of monoclonal antibody against male specific antigen on cell membrane of bovine spermatozoa. Indian Journal of Animal Research, 2010, 44(1): 22-27.
  29. Thongkham M., Thaworn W., Pattanawong W., Teepatimakorn S., Mekchay S., Sringarm K. Spermatological parameters of immunologically sexed bull semen assessed by imaging flow cytometry, and dairy farm trial. Reproductive Biology, 2021, 21(2): 100486 CrossRef
  30. Yadav S.K., Gangwar D.K., Singh J., Tikadar C.K., Khanna V.V., Saini S., Dholpuria S., Palta P., Manik R.S., Singh M.K., Singla S. K. An immunological approach of sperm sexing and different methods for identification of X-and Y-chromosome bearing sperm. Veterinary World, 2017, 10(5): 498-504 CrossRef
  31. Blecher S.R., Howie R., Li S., Detmar J., Blahut L.M. A new approach to immunological sexing of sperm. Theriogenology, 1999, 52(8): 1309-1321 CrossRef
  32. Zuidema D., Kerns K., Sutovsky P. An exploration of current and perspective semen analysis and sperm selection for livestock artificial insemination. Animals, 2021, 11(12): 3563 CrossRef
  33. Yadav H.P., Sahu S.K., Lone S.A., Shah N., Singh A., Verma U.K., Baithalu R.K., Mohanty T.K. Advances in sperm sexing in bovines. J. Exp. Zool. India, 2018, 21(1): 1-9.
  34. Pinto-Pinho P., Ferreira A. F., Pinto-Leite R., Fardilha M., Colaço B. The history and prospects of rabbit sperm sexing. Veterinary Sciences, 2023, 10(8): 509 CrossRef
  35. Garner D.L., Seidel Jr G.E. History of commercializing sexed semen for cattle. Theriogenology, 2008, 69(7): 886-895 CrossRef
  36. Gledhill B.L, Pinkel D., Garner D.L. Van Dilla M.A. Identifying X- and Y-chromosome-bearing sperm by DNA content: retrospective perspectives and prospective opinions. In: Prospects for Sexing Mammalian Sperm. Colorado Associated University Press, Boulder, CO, 1982: 177-191.
  37. Garner D.L., Gledhill B.L., Pinkel D., Lake S., Stephenson D., Van Dilla M.A., Johnson L.A. Quantification of the X-and Y-chromosome-bearing spermatozoa of domestic animals by flow cytometry. Biology of Reproduction, 1983, 28(2): 312-321 CrossRef
  38. Dunin I.M., Erokhin A.S., Dunin M.I., Sovetkin S.V., Kochetkov A.A. Molochnoe i myasnoe skotovodstvo, 2011, 3: 9-11 (in Russ.).
  39. Seidel Jr. G.E., Schenk J.L., Herickhoff L.A., Doyle S.P., Brink Z., Green R.D., Cran D.G. Insemination of heifers with sexed sperm. Theriogenology, 1999, 52(8): 1407-1420 CrossRef
  40. Espinosa-Cervantes R., Córdova-Izquierdo A. Sexing sperm of domestic animals. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 2012, 45: 1-8 CrossRef
  41. Garner D.L., Evans K.M., Seidel G.E. Sex-sorting sperm using flow cytometry/cell sorting. In: Spermatogenesis. Methods in molecular biology, vol. 927. D. Carrell, K. Aston (eds.). Humana Press, Totowa, NJ, 2013: 279-295 CrossRef
  42. Lenz R.W., Gonzalez-Marin C., Gilligan T.B., DeJarnette J.M., Utt M.D., Helser L.A., Hasenpusch E., Evans K.M., Moreno J.F., Vishwanath, R. 190 SexedULTRA™, A new method of processing sex-sorted bovine sperm improves conception rates. Reproduction, Fertility and Development, 2017, 29(1): 203-204 CrossRef
  43. Seidel G.E. Update on sexed semen technology in cattle. Animal, 2014, 8(s1): 160-164 CrossRef
  44. Brito L., Vishwanath R., Heuer C., Evans K. Bovine sexed semen production and utilization. Clinical Theriogenology, 2019, 11(3): 297-315 CrossRef
  45. Garner D.L. Hoechst 33342: the dye that enabled differentiation of living X-and Y-chromosome bearing mammalian sperm. Theriogenology, 2009, 71(1): 11-21 CrossRef
  46. Rath D., Barcikowski S., De Graaf S., Garrels W., Grossfeld R., Klein S., Knabe W., Knorr C., Kues W., Meyer H., Michl J., Moench-Tegeder G., Rehbock C., Taylor U., Washausen S. Sex selection of sperm in farm animals: status report and developmental prospects. Reproduction, 2013, 145(1): R15-R30 CrossRef
  47. Carvalho J.O., Sartori R., Machado G.M., Mourão G. B., Dode M.A.N. Quality assessment of bovine cryopreserved sperm after sexing by flow cytometry and their use in in vitro embryo production. Theriogenology, 2010, 74(9): 1521-1530 CrossRef
  48. ABS — Sexcel. Available: https://www.absglobal.com/br/solucoes/sexcel. Accessed: 10/6/24.
  49. Lonergan P. Review: Historical and futuristic developments in bovine semen technology. Animal, 2018, 12(s1): s4-s18 CrossRef
  50. Ekkhorutomven O.T., Medvedev G.F. Effektivnost’ ispol’zovaniya seksirovannoy spermi. Zhivotnovodstvo i veterinarnaya meditsina, 2021, 4: 8-12 (in Russ.).
  51. Barsuren E., Kim S.-H., Lee H.-J., Tumur B., Yoon J.-T. Effect of sex-sorted semen in superovulated hanwoo. International symposium on developmental biotechnology, 2018: 74-74.
  52. Uhm S.J., Heo Y.T., Yu D.M., Kim D.K., Gupta M.K. Pre-implantation development of cattle embryos produced from fresh bull semen enriched for X-chromosome-bearing spermatozoa using a monoclonal antibody. Veterinary Research Communications, 2023, 47(4): 2101-2109 CrossRef
  53. Oikawa K., Yamazaki T., Yamaguchi S., Abe H., Bai H., Takahashi M., Kawahara M. Effects of use of conventional and sexed semen on the conception rate in heifers: a comparison study. Theriogenology, 2019, 135: 33-37 CrossRef
  54. Sultanbai D.T., Zhaksylykova G.K., Baigabylov K.O., Baimukanov A.D. Comparative assessment of fertilization rate of heifers at insemination with sexed semen. News of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Series of Agricultural Sciences, 2019, 5(53): 100-103 CrossRef
  55. Diers S., Heise J., Krebs T., Groenewold J., Tetens J. Effect of sexed semen on different production and functional traits in German Holsteins. Veterinary and Animal Science, 2020, 9: 100101 CrossRef
  56. Egiazaryan A.V., Lantukh M.N. i myasnoe skotovodstvo, 2016, (1): 6-7 (in Russ.).
  57. Kurykin J. Sex-sorted semen: efficiency of insemination and opportunities to increase outcome of pregnancies in dairy and beef cattle. A review. Veterinarija Ir Zootechnika, 2017, 75(97): 22-29.
  58. Seidel Jr. G.E., Schenk J.L. Pregnancy rates in cattle with cryopreserved sexed sperm: effects of sperm numbers per inseminate and site of sperm deposition. Animal Reproduction Science, 2008, 105(1-2): 129-138 CrossRef
  59. DeJarnette J.M., Nebel R.L., Marshall C.E. Evaluating the success of sex-sorted semen in US dairy herds from on farm records. Theriogenology, 2009, 71(1): 49-58 CrossRef
  60. Mohanty T.K., Lone S.A., Kumaresan A., Bhakat M., Kumar R., Baithalu R. K., Sinha R., Paray A.R., Yadav H.P., Sahu S.K., Mohanty A.K. Sperm dosage and site of insemination in relation to fertility in bovines. Asian Pacific Journal of Reproduction, 2018, 7(1): 1-5 CrossRef
  61. Steele H., Makri D., Maalouf W.E., Reese S., Kölle S.J.S.R. Bovine sperm sexing alters sperm morphokinetics and subsequent early embryonic development. Scientific Reports, 2020 10(1): 6255 CrossRef
  62. Schenk J.L., Cran D.G., Everett R.W., Seidel Jr. G.E. Pregnancy rates in heifers and cows with cryopreserved sexed sperm: Effects of sperm numbers per inseminate, sorting pressure and sperm storage before sorting. Theriogenology, 2009, 71(5): 717-728 CrossRef
  63. Sharpe J.C., Evans K.M. Advances in flow cytometry for sperm sexing. Theriogenology, 2009, 71(1): 4-10 CrossRef
  64. Healy A.A., House J.K., Thomson P.C. Artificial insemination field data on the use of sexed and conventional semen in nulliparous Holstein heifers. Journal of Dairy Science, 2013, 96(3): 1905-1914 CrossRef
  65. Abdel-Azim G. Effect of synchronization and semen sorting on artificial insemination bull fertility. Journal of Dairy Science, 2010, 93(1): 420-425 CrossRef
  66. Holden S.A., Murphy C., Moreno J.F., Butler S.T., Cromi A.R., Lonergan P., Fair S. In vitro characterisation of fresh and frozen sex-sorted bull spermatozoa. Reproduction, Fertility and Development, 2017, 29(7): 1415-1425 CrossRef
  67. Reese S., Pirez M. C., Steele H., Kölle S. The reproductive success of bovine sperm after sex-sorting: a meta-analysis. Scientific Reports, 2021, 11(1): 17366 CrossRef
  68. Dunin M.I. Rezul’tativnost’ osemeneniya korov i telok pri ispol’zovanii usovershenstvovannikh sred i seksirovannogo semeni. Avtoreferat kandidatskoy dissertatsii [Efficiency of insemination of cows and heifers using improved media and sexed semen. PhD Thesis]. Lesnie Polyani, 2010 (in Russ.).
  69. Abilov A.I., Kozmenkov P.L., Iolchiev B.S., Ustimenko A.V. Izvestiya Timiryazevskoy sel’skokhozyaystvennoy akademii, 2023, 4: 95-109 (in Russ.).
  70. Tvrdá E., Kováčik A., Tušimová E., Paál D., Mackovich A., Alimov J., Lukáč N. Antioxidant efficiency of lycopene on oxidative stress-induced damage in bovine spermatozoa. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 2016, 7: 50 CrossRef
  71. Norman H.D., Hutchison J.L., Miller R.H. Use of sexed semen and its effect on conception rate, calf sex, dystocia, and stillbirth of Holsteins in the United States. Journal of Dairy Science, 2010, 93(8): 3880-3890 CrossRef
  72. An L., Wu Z.-H., Wu Y.-F., Zhang X.-L., Liu X., Zhu Y.-B., Cheng W.-M., Gao H.-M., Guo M., Tian J.-H. Fertility in single‐ovulating and superovulated dairy heifers after insemination with low dose sex‐sorted sperm. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 2010, 45(6): 344-350 CrossRef
  73. Colazo M.G., Mapletoft R.J. Pregnancy per AI in Holstein heifers inseminated with sex-selected or conventional semen after estrus detection or timed-AI. The Canadian Veterinary Journal, 2017, 58(4): 365-370.
  74. Joezy-Shekalgorabi S., Maghsoudi A., Mansourian M.R. Reproductive performance of sexed versus conventional semen in Holstein heifers in various semiarid regions of Iran. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 2017, 16(4): 666-672 CrossRef
  75. Paderina R.V., Vinogradova N.D. Normativno-pravovoe regulirovanie v veterinarii, 2023, 1: 56-59 (in Russ.).
  76. Polsky L., von Keyserlingk M.A. Invited review: Effects of heat stress on dairy cattle welfare. Journal of Dairy Science, 2017, 100(11): 8645-8657 CrossRef
  77. Correa-Calderón A., Angulo-Valenzuela I., Betancourth F., Oroz-Rojo F., Fierros-Castro K., Macías-Cruz U., Díaz-Molina R., Avendaño-Reyes L. Conception rate following artificial insemination with sexed semen in Holstein heifers under artificial cooling during summer compared with winter season. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 2020, 52: 203-209 CrossRef
  78. Abilov A.I., Zhavoronkova N.V., Nasibov Sh.N., Abilova S.F. Sovremennie tendentsii razvitiya nauki i tekhnologiy, 2015, 2-1: 108-115 (in Russ.).
  79. Mellado M., Sepulveda E., Macias-Cruz U., Avendaño L., Garcia J.E., Veliz F.G., Rodríguez A. Effects of month of breeding on reproductive efficiency of Holstein cows and heifers inseminated with sex-sorted or conventional semen in a hot environment. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 2014, 46: 265-269 CrossRef
  80. Thomas J.M., Locke J.W.C., Bonacker R.C., Knickmeyer E.R., Wilson D.J., Vishwanath R., Patterson D.J. Evaluation of SexedULTRA 4M™ sex-sorted semen in timed artificial insemination programs for mature beef cows. Theriogenology, 2019, 123: 100-107 CrossRef
  81. Crites B.R., Vishwanath R., Arnett A.M., Bridges P.J., Burris W.R., McLeod K.R., Anderson L.H. Conception risk of beef cattle after fixed-time artificial insemination using either SexedUltra™ 4M sex-sorted semen or conventional semen. Theriogenology, 2018, 118: 126-129 CrossRef
  82. Maicas C., Holden S.A., Drake E., Cromie A.R., Lonergan P., Butler S.T. Fertility of frozen sex-sorted sperm at 4× 106 sperm per dose in lactating dairy cows in seasonal-calving pasture-based herds. Journal of Dairy Science, 2020, 103(1): 929-939 CrossRef
  83. Sharma T., Gupta R., Gautam A., Giram P., Madan J. Effectiveness and performance of “Sexcel”-ABS sexed semen, in dairy heifers, cows and buffaloes in field conditions in different agro-climatic zones of India. Journal of Animal Research, 2019, 9(4): 499-504.
  84. Yamaguchi M., Takayama M., Nishisouzu T., López H., Dochi O. 155 Fertility of sexed semen in Holstein heifers and cows. Reproduction, Fertility and Development, 2020, 32(2): 204-204 CrossRef
  85. Seidel Jr. G.E. Economics of selecting for sex: the most important genetic trait. Theriogenology, 2003, 59(2): 585-598 CrossRef
  86. Barrier A.C., Haskell M.J. Calving difficulty in dairy cows has a longer effect on saleable milk yield than on estimated milk production. Journal of Dairy Science, 2011, 94(4): 1804-1812 CrossRef
  87. Lombard J.E. Garry F.B., Tomlinson S.M., Garber L.P. Impacts of dystocia on health and survival of dairy calves. Journal of Dairy Science, 2007, 90(4): 1151-1160 CrossRef
  88. Holden S.A., Butler S.T. Review: Applications and benefits of sexed semen in dairy and beef herds. Animal, 2018, 12(s1): s97-s103 CrossRef
  89. Tubman L.M., Brink Z., Suh T.K., Seidel Jr. G.E. Characteristics of calves produced with sperm sexed by flow cytometry/cell sorting. Journal of Animal Science, 2004, 82(4): 1029-1036 CrossRef
  90. STgenetics® Marketing, 2022: Ultraplus™ - New Gender-sorted Semen Technology. Available: https://www.stgen.com/article/article.aspx?code=5894&language=english&category=2. Accessed: 10/6/2024.
  91. Abilov A.I., Kozmenkov P.L., Iolchiev B.S. Genetika i razvedenie zhivotnikh, 2021, 3: 34-39 CrossRef (in Russ.).
  92. Zinovieva N.A., Pozyabin S.V., Chinarov R.Yu. Assisted reproductive technologies: the history and role in the development of genetic technologies in cattle (review). Sel'skokhozyaistvennaya biologiya [Agricultural Biology], 2020, 55(2): 225-242 CrossRef
  93. Viana J. 2021 Statistics of embryo production and transfer in domestic farm animals. Embryo Technology Newsletter,2022, 40(4): 22-40.
  94. Hayakawa H., Hirai T., Takimoto A., Ideta A., Aoyagi Y. Superovulation and embryo transfer in Holstein cattle using sexed sperm. Theriogenology, 2009, 71(1): 68-73 CrossRef
  95. Koca D., Aktar A., Turgut A.O., Sağırkaya H., Alçay S. The effect of conventional semen, sexed-semen, and embryo transfer on pregnancy rate in Holstein dairy cows. Journal of Research in Veterinary Medicine, 2023, 42(2): 99-103 CrossRef
  96. Lu K.H., Cran D.G., Seidel Jr. G.E. In vitro fertilization with flow-cytometrically-sorted bovine sperm. Theriogenology, 1999, 52(8): 1393-1405 CrossRef
  97. Lu K.H., Seidel Jr. G.E. Effects of heparin and sperm concentration on cleavage and blastocyst development rates of bovine oocytes inseminated with flow cytometrically-sorted sperm. Theriogenology, 2004, 62(5): 819-830 CrossRef
  98. Muiño R., Hernández J., Gomez F., Benedito J.L., Martinez H., Castillo C. Embryos produced with sexed semen: influence of the stage of embryos, embryo type, parity, quality of the embryo, and period of the year on pregnancy rates in dairy cattle. A longitudinal study. Large Animal Review, 2024, 30(1): 1-6.
  99. Wilson R.D., Weigel K.A., Fricke P.M., Rutledge J.J., Leibfried-Rutledge M.L., Matthews D.L., Schutzkus V.R. In vitro production of Holstein embryos using sex-sorted sperm and oocytes from selected cull cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 2005, 88(2): 776-782 CrossRef
  100. Singina G.N., Taradaynik T.E., Shedova E.N., Danch S.S. Dostizheniya nauki i tekhniki APK, 2015, 29(12): 95-97 (in Russ.).
  101. Golubets L.V. Zootekhnicheskaya nauka Belarusi, 2021, 56(1): 36-43 (in Russ.).
  102. Velazquez A., Alvarez H., Kjelland M., Villaseñor F., Ariza G., Romo S. 72 In vitro embryo production using prepubertal calf oocytes with conventional semen and sexed semen ULTRA-4M. Reproduction, Fertility and Development, 2020, 32(2): 162-162 CrossRef
  103. Siqueira L.G., Dikmen S., Ortega M.S., Hansen P.J. Postnatal phenotype of dairy cows is altered by in vitro embryo production using reverse X-sorted semen. Journal of Dairy Science, 2017, 100(7): 5899-5908 CrossRef
  104. Álvarez Gallardo H., Urbán Duarte D., Velázquez Roque A., De La Torre Sánchez J.F. Use and evolution of sperm sexing in cattle. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Pecuarias, 2024, 15(3): 641-668 CrossRef
  105. Dunin M.I. Zootekhniya, 2024; 6: 30-32 (in Russ.).
  106. Popova L.V., Lata M.S., Melikhov P.A., Lazareva V.A. Estestvenno-gumanitarnie issledovaniya,2022, 44(6): 251-255 (in Russ.).
  107. Cottle D.J., Wallace M., Lonergan P., Fahey A.G. Bioeconomics of sexed semen utilization in a high-producing Holstein-Friesian dairy herd. Journal of Dairy Science, 2018, 101(5): 4498-4512 CrossRef
  108. Chebel R.C., Cunha T. Optimization of timing of insemination of dairy heifers inseminated with sex-sorted semen. Journal of Dairy Science, 2020, 103(6): 5591-5603 CrossRef
  109. Balzani A., Aparacida Vaz do Amaral C., Hanlon A. A perspective on the use of sexed semen to reduce the number of surplus male dairy calves in Ireland: a pilot study. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 2021, 7: 623128 CrossRef
  110. Osada M., Iwabuchi H., Aoki T., Sasaki K., Ushijima H., Ozawa T. Economic evaluation of artificial insemination of sex‐sorted semen on a Brown Swiss dairy farm — a case study. Animal Science Journal, 2019, 90(4): 597-603 CrossRef
  111. Titorenko K.V., Zhichkin K.A. Innovative approaches to breeding in the dairy industry.IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science,2021, 723(3): 032003 CrossRef
  112. Jabarzareh A., Sadeghi‐Sefidmazgi A., Ghorbani G., Cabrera V. Economic evaluation of sexed semen use in Iranian dairy farms according to field data. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 2018, 53(6): 1271-1278 CrossRef
  113. Murphy C., Shalloo L., Hutchinson I.A., Butler S.T. Expanding the dairy herd in pasture-based systems: The role of sexed semen within alternative breeding strategies. Journal of Dairy Science, 2016, 99(8): 6680-6692 CrossRef
  114. Walsh D.P., Fahey A.G., Lonergan P., Wallace M. Economics of timed artificial insemination with unsorted or sexed semen in a high-producing, pasture-based dairy production system. Journal of Dairy Science, 2022, 105(4): 3192-3208 CrossRef
  115. Penkin A.A., Titorenko K.V. V sbornike: Innovatsionnie dostizheniya nauki i tekhniki APK [In: Innovative achievements of science and technology in the agro-industrial complex]. Kinel’, 2020: 620-623 (in Russ.).

 

back

 


CONTENTS

 

Full article PDF (Rus)