Sel’skokhozyaistvennaya Biologiya [Agricultural Biology], 2018, Vol. 53, ¹ 4, p. 659-672.
(how to cite this article)

doi: 10.15389/agrobiology.2018.4.659eng

UDC 636.012:575

 

GENE AND GENOMIC LEVELS OF DOMESTICATION SIGNATURE
(review)

V.I. Glazko

Timiryazev Russian State Agrarian University—Moscow Agrarian Academy, 49, ul. Timiryazevskaya, Moscow, 127550 Russiae-mail vigvalery@gmail.com (✉ corresponding author)

ORCID:
Glazko V.I. orcid.org/0000-0002-8566-8717
The author declares no conflict of interests

Received April 25, 2018

 

Domestication is considered as a model of microevolution, problems and traits of domestication in animal species that distinguish them from closely related wild species are discussed. Data on different levels of "signature" of domestication, such as genomic, gene, protein, metabolomic, in the key genes of formation of economically valuable traits are presented. It is noted that the main differences of domesticated species from closely related wild ones are relatively high variability not only at the phenotypic level, manifested in large numbers of breeds and wide areas, but also in the population-genetic heterogenisity, as well as functional groups of genes involved in variability. The accumulated data suggest that there is a “subgenome”, the increased variability of which is a source of genetic heterogeneity of domesticated animals, necessary for effective selection on economically valuable traits and adaptive potential. Literary data on the comparative analysis of the differences between SNP and CNV markers indicate that, mostly in genomic regions, in which are localized differentiating these species types the SNP and CNV markers, localized the genes which are associated with the development of the nervous and immune systems, as well as the characteristics of animal productivity in agricultural species, and involved in these processes specific genes varies depending on species, that is, similar phenotypic solutions are achieved with the involvement of different genetic systems (F.J. Alberto et al. 2018). It is known that almost half of mammalian genomes are engaged in retrotransposons (E.V. Koonin, 2016). The comparative analysis of domesticated and closely related wild species revealed differences in the relatively high density in the domesticated species the distribution of DNA fragments flanked by inverted sequences of tandem and dispersed repeats. It is proved that there is a certain contribution of transposing elements associated with a wide range of retroviral infections in the increased genetic variability of domesticated species, which can explain the unique genetic and phenotypic variability of domesticated animals.

Keywords: domestication, signature of domestication, microsatellites, dispersed repeats, endogenous retroviruses.

 

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