doi: 10.15389/agrobiology.2013.4.26eng
UDC 619+61]:615.284:615.3/.45:615.03:616-098
EVOLUTION IN CHEMOTHERAPY OF HUMAN AND ANIMAL HELMINTHIASES (review)
M.Kh. Dzhafarov
Center for Scientific and Engineering Problems,
11, Ulanskii per., Moscow, 101000 Russia;
K.I. Skryabin Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology,
23, ul. akademika Skryabina, Moscow, 109472 Russia,
e-mail: mxd123@mail.ru
Received April 24, 2013
The attention is focused on the main classes of anthelmintics. Mode of action of the anthelmintics and the anthelmintic resistance, and alternative methods for dehelminthization are discussed. A targeted search for new anthelmintic substances in the series of speculative parental hydrocarbons (benzene, indene, naphthalene, 1 H1-cyclopenta [a]-naphthalene and phenanthrene) is suggested to be prospective on the basis of variation in their structure from the fully unsaturated to saturated forms, including those containing heteroatoms (N, O, S), various functional groups and substituents:
Keywords: animal and human helminthoses, chemotherapy and prophilaxis, anthelmintic substances, folk remedy, inorganic and organic anthelmintics, santonin, flixic acid, phenothiazine, pyrazine, benzimidazoles, imidazolthiazoles, tetrahydropyrimidines, avermectins and its analogs, gemacs, salicylanilides, nitazoxanide, emodepside, aminoacetonitril derivatives (AADs), monepantel, spiroindols, derquantel, tribendimidine, biological methods of the controls of helminthosis.
REFERENCES
1. Krasnopol'skaya I. Rossiiskaya gazeta, № 3359, 03.12.2003.
2. Marushko Yu.V., Gracheva M.G. Sovremennaya pediatriya, 2012, 3(43): 21-26.
3. Díez-Morrondo C., Sánchez-Andrade R., Ibaseta P., Suárez J.L., Francisco I. et al. A case-control study to analyze the influence of the environment in human sensitization against helminth parasitic antigens. Rev. Ibero-Latinoam. Parasitol., 2010, 69(1): 38-44.
4. Biryukov S.A., Lemekhov P.A. Molochnokhozyaistvennyi vestnik, 2011, 3: 14-16.
5. Integrated management of fruit crops and forest nematodes /Е.A. Ciancio, K.G. Mukerji (eds.). Springer, 2009; ISBN 978-1-4020-6062-5.
6. Kryuchkova E.H., Petrov Yu.F., Shakhbiev Kh.Kh. Veterinariya Kubani, 2011, 5: 7-8.
7. Karsakov N.T., Ataev A.M., Zubairova M.M., Nasirkhanova Z.Sh. Rossiiskii parazitologicheskii zhurnal, 2008, 3: 56-59.
8. Fataliev G.G., Elchuev M.Sh., Ibragimova R.Sh. Vliyanie mestoobitaniya na gel'mintofaunu dikikh i domashnikh plotoyadnykh zhivotnykh yuzhnogo sklona Bol'shogo Kavkaza (http://www.rusnauka.com/3_ANR_2013/Biologia/6_126906.doc.htm).
9. Goodman and Gilman’s the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 12th ed. /L. Brunton, B. Chabner, B. Knollman (eds.). McGraw-Hill, 2011, ISBN 0071624422.
10. Arkhipov I.A. Antgel'mintiki: farmakologiya i primenenie [Anthelmintics: Pharmacology and Treatment]. Moscow, 2009.
11. Plumb D.C. Plumb’s veterinary drug handbook. 6th ed. Verlag/Jahr, Wiley & Sons, 2008, ISBN 978-0-8138-1097-3.
12. Antiparasitic and antibacterial drug discovery /P.M. Selzer (ed.). Wiley-VCH, 2009, ISBN 978-3-527-32327-2.
13. Mirskii M.B. Рroc. of The First International conference «Traditional medicine and materia medica in medieval manuscripts» /F. Alakbarli (ed.). Baku, 2006 (http://aamh.az/index.files/13.htm).
14. Encyclopedia of parasitology. 3rd ed. /H. Mehlhorn (ed.). Springer, 2008.
15. Alakbarli F. Medica manuscripts of Azerbaijan. Baku, HAF, 2006: 3 (http://www.alakba-rli.aamh.az/index.files/57.htm).
16. Proc. of The First International conference «Traditional medicine and materia medica in medieval manuscripts» (June 12-14, 2006, Baku, Azerbaijan) /F. Alakbarli (ed.). UNESCO, Paris/Baku, 2006 (http://aamh.az/index.files/13.htm).
17. Gippokrat. Sochineniya. Kniga 1. Perevod V.I. Rudneva, kommentarii V.P. Karpova [Works, Vol. 1]. Moscow, 1994.
18. Blinova K.F., Yakovlev G.P. Botaniko-farmakognosticheskii slovar' [Dictionary of Botanical and Pharmacological Terms]. Moscow, 1990, ISBN 5-06-000085-0.
19. Ibn Sina. Kanony vrachebnoi nauki. Tom 1-5 [The Canon of Medicine. Vol. 1-5]. Tashkent, 1956-1960 (http://www.erlib.com).
20. Greenwood D. Antimicrobial drugs: chronicle of a twentieth century medical triumph. N.-Y., Oxford University Press Inc., 2008: 30.
21. Entsiklopedicheskii slovar' F.A. Brokgauza i I.A. Efrona [Brokhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary] (http://www.vehi.net/brokgauz/).
22. Woodward R.B., Yates P. The structure of the a- and b-metasantonins. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1963, 85(5): 553-557.
23. K'yusev I.A. Polnyi spravochnik lekarstvennykh rastenii [A Complete Guide to Medicinal Plants]. Moscow, 2005.
24. Lloyd J.U., Lloyd C.G. History of the vegetable drugs of the U.S.P. Cincinnati, 1911 (http://www.swsbm.com/ManualsOther/USP_Drug_History_Lloyd.pdf).
25. Belikov V.G. Farmatsevticheskaya khimiya. 3-e izdanie [Pharmaceutical Chemistry]. Moscow, 2009: 20-33.
26. Mashkovskii M.D. Lekarstvennye sredstva: Posibie dlya vrachei. Tom 1 [Medicinal Preparations: Doctor’s Manual. Vol. 1]. Moscow, 2004: 334.
27. Rabota po likvidatsii global'nykh posledstvii «zabytykh» tropicheskikh boleznei. Pervyi doklad VOZ po «zabytym» tropicheskim boleznyam. [The First WHO Report on Neglected Tropical Diseases: Working to Overcome the Global Impact of Neglected Tropical Diseases] WHO/HTM/NTD, 2010, 2: 15.
28. Riethmiller S. Erlich, Bertheim, and atoxyl: the origins of modern chemotherapy. Bull. Hist. Chem., 1999, 23(1): 28-33.
29. Ozeretskovskaya N.N. Human opisthorchiasis in the USSR. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/pre-wholis/INT.PAR.SG_INF_80.7.pdf
30. Akramovskii M.N., Egorova Yu.G., Bashkirtseva E.V. Veterinariya, 1957, 4: 43-44.
31. Arabkhanov B.G. Materialy nauchnoi konferentsii VOG [Proc. Sci. Conference of the All-Union Society of Helminthologists]. Moscow, 1974, v. 26: 15-20.
32. Rawlings C.A., McCall J.W. Melarsomine: A new heartworm adulticide. Compendium on continuing education for the practicing veterinarian, 1996, 18: 373-379.
33. Zhorobekova Sh.Zh., Toimbetov M.T., Aimukhamedova M.B. et al. Pektinat al'bendazola i medi (II), obladayushchii antigel'mintnoi aktivnost'yu. Patent C 08 C 37/06; A 61 K 31/70. Opubl. 29.02.2008. Byul. № 2 (KG) [Pectinate of Albendazole and Copper (II) with Anthelmintic Effect, RU Patent 1 C 08 C 37/06; A 61 K 31/70, Pub. 29.02.2008, Bull. № 2 (KG)].
34. Swales W.E. Tests of phenothiazine as anthelmintic. Can. J. Comp. Med., 1939, 3(7): 188-194.
35. Davies M.T., Forrest J., Hartley F., Petrow V. Piperazine adipate: a new anthelmintic agent. J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 1954, 6(1): 707-710.
36. Campbell W.C. Benzimidazoles: veterinary uses. Parasitology Today, 1990, 6(4): 130-133.
37. Thienpont D., Vanparijs O.F.J., Raeymaekers A.H.M. et al. A new, potent broad spectrum anthelmintic tetramisole. Nature, 1966, 209: 1084-1086.
38. Austin W.C., Courtney W., Danilewicz J.C. et al. Pyrantel tartrate, a new anthelmintic effective against infections of domestic animals. Nature, 1966, 212(6): 1273-1274.
39. Seubert J., Pohlke R., Loebich F. Synthesis and properties of praziquantel, a novel broad spectrum anthelmintic with excellent activity against schistosomes and cestodes. Experientia, 1977, 33: 1036-1037.
40. Campbell W.C. History of avermectin and ivermectin, with notes on the history of other macrocyclic lactone antiparasitic agents. Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol., 2012, 13(6): 853-865.
41. Macrolide antibiotics. Chemistry, biology and practice. 2nd ed. /S. Omura (ed.). N.Y., Elsevier Sci., 2002.
42. Omura S. Ivermectin: 25 years and still going strong. Int. J. of Antimicrob. Agents, 2008, 31(2): 91-98.
43. Crump A., Omura S. Ivermectin, «Wonder drug» from Japan: the human use perspective. Proc. Jpn. Acad., Ser., 2011, B 87(2): 13-28.
44. Mrozik H., Eskola Ph., Arison P. et al. 2-Deoxy-4"-aminoavermectins with potent broad spectrum antiparasitic activities. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 1995, 5: 2435-2440.
45. Pitterna T., Cassayre J., Huter O. et al. New ventures in the chemistry of avermectins. Bioorg. Med. Chem., 2009, 17: 4085-4095.
46. Zavarzin I.V., Dzhafarov M.Kh., Kolobov A.V., Chernoburova E.I., Bobova T.A. 5-O-Proizvodnye avermektina, sposob ikh polucheniya i antiparazitarnye sredstva na ikh osnove. Patent RF № 2472801. Prioritet 11.05.2011. Opubl. 20.01.2013. Byul. № 2 [5-O-derivates of avermektin: method for their production, and the 5-O-derivate-basedantiparasitic drugs. RU Patent № 2472801, Priority 11.05.2011, Pub. 20.01.2013., Bull. № 2.].
47. Lynagh T., Lynch J.W. Molecular mechanisms of Cys-loop ion channel receptor modulation by ivermectin. Front. Mol. Neurosci., 2012, 5(article 60): 1-11.
48. Hashimoto H., Messerli S. M., Sudo T., Maruta H. Ivermectin inactivates the kinase PAK1 and blocks the PAK1-dependent growth of human ovarian cancer and NF2 tumor cell lines. Drug Discov. Ther., 2009, 3(6): 243-246.
49. Mosin V.A., Drinyaev V.A., Kokoz Yu.M et al. Sredstvo, usilivayushchee protivoopukholevuyu aktivnost' khimiopreparatov, i sposob lecheniya onkologicheskikh zabolevanii. Patent RF № 2250775. Opubl. 27.04.2005 [The Preparation Enhancing Anti-Cancer Activity of Chemotherapeutic Drugs, and the Treatment Method, RU Patent № 2250775, Pub. 27.04.2005].
50. Mastrangelo E., Pezzullo M., De Burghgraeve T., Kaptein S., Pastorino B., Dallmeier K., De Lamballerie X., Neyts J., Hanson A.M., Frick D.N., Bolognesi M., Milani M. Ivermectin is a potent inhibitor of flavivirus replication specifically targeting NS3 helicase activity: new prospects for an old drug. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 2012, 67(8): 1884-1894.
51. Kobylinski K.C., Foy B.D., Richardson J.H. Ivermectin inhibits the sporogony of Plasmodium falciparum in Anopheles gambiae. Malaria Journal, 2012, 11: 381.
52. Lim L.E., Vilchèze C., Ng C., Jacobs W.R. Jr., Ramon-García S., Thompson C.J. Anthelmintic avermectins kill Mycobacterium tuberculosis, including multidrug resistant clinical strains. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 2013, 57(2): 1040-6.
53. Approaches to design and synthesis of antiparasitic drugs /S. Sharma, N. Anand (eds.). Elsevier, 1997: 239-257.
54. Griffin S.A., Chamberlain C.C. Value of hygromycin B as an antibiotic and as an anthelmintic for swine. J. Animal Sci., 959(18): 1161-6.
55. Speich B., Ame S.M., Ali S.M., Alles R., Hattendorf J., Utzinger J., Albonico M., Keiser J. Efficacy and safety of Nitazoxanide, Albendazole, and Nitazoxanide-Albendazole against Trichuris trichiura infection: A randomized controlled trial. PLoS Negl. Trop. Diseas, 2012, 6(6): e1685.
56. Parasitic helminths. Targets, screens, drugs and vaccines /C.R. Caffrey (ed.). Wiley-VCH, 2012, ISBN 978-3-527-33059-1.
57. Martin R.J. Modes of action of anthelmintic drugs. Vet. J., 1997, 154: 11-34.
58. Waller P.J. From discovery to development: current industry perspectives for development of novel methods of helminth control in livestock. Vet.
Parasitol., 2006, 139(1): 1-14.
59. Prichard R.K. Ivermectin resistance and overview of the consortium for anthelmintic resistance SNPs. Expert Opin. Drug Discov., 2007, 2: 41-52.
60. Bourguinat C., Keller K., Blagburnb B., Schenker R., Geary T.G., Pri-
chard R.K. Correlation between loss of efficacy of macrocyclic lactone heartworm anthelmintics and P-glycoprotein genotype. Vet. Parasitol., 2011, 176: 374-381.
61. European strategic action plan on antibiotic resistance. Reg. Com. for Europe. 61st session. Baku, 2011 (http://www.euro.who.int/_data/assets/pdf_file/0008/147734/
wd14E_AntibioticResistance_111380.pdf).
62. Geerts S., Gryseels B. Drug resistance in human helminths: Current situation and lessons from livestock. Clinic. Microb. Rev., 2000, 13(2): 207-222.
63. Beech R.N., Skuce P., Bartley D.J., Martin R.J., Prichard R.K., Gilleard J.S. Anthelmintic resistance: markers for resistance, or susceptibility. Parasitology, 2011, 138(2): 160-174.
64. Torres-Acosta J.F., Mendoza de Gives P., Aguilar-Caballero A.J., Cuellar-Ordaz J.A. Anthelmintic resistance in sheep farms: update of the situation in the American continent. Vet. Parasitol., 2012, 189(1): 89-96.
65. Gasbarre L.C., Smith L.L., Lichtenfels J.R., Pilitt P.A. The identification of cattle nematode parasites resistant to multiple classes of anthelmintics in a commercial cattle population in the US. Vet. Parasitol., 2009, 166: 281-285.
66. Good B., Hanrahan J.P., Theodorus de Waal D., Patten T., Kinsella A., Lynch C.O. Anthelmintic-resistant nematodes in Irish commercial sheep flocks — the state of play. Irish Vet. J., 2012, 65(1): 1-5.
67. Holden-Dye L., Walker R.J. Anthelmintic drugs. WormBook, 2007 (http://www.wormbook.org).
68. Dent J.A., Smith Mc.M., Vassilatis D.K., Avery L. The genetics of ivermectin resistance in Caenorhabditis elegans. PNAS USA, 2000, 97(6): 2674-2679.
69. Jovanovic S., Savic M., Zivkovic D. Genetic variation in disease resistance among farm animals. Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry, 2009, 25(5-6): 339-347.
70. Von Samson-Himmelstjerna G., Prichard R.K., Wolstenholme A.J. Ant-
helmintic resistance as a guide to the discovery of new drugs? In: Antiparasitic and antibacterial drug discovery: from molecular targets to drug candidates /P.M. Selzer (ed.). WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, 2009, ISBN 978-3-527-32327-2: 17-32.
71. Elsheikha H., Rauch C. Redefining the limits of biochemistry in multidrug resistant nematodes: Implications for future drug development. J. Vet. Sci. Technol., 2012, 3: 6.
72. Patil P.N. Discoveries in pharmacological sciences. World Scientific Pub. Co., Inc., 2012, ISBN 9814355070.
73. Reynecke D.P., Waghorn T.S., Oliver A.M., Miller C.M., Vlassoff A., Leathwick D.M. Dynamics of the free-living stages of sheep intestinal parasites on pasture in the North Island of New Zealand. 2. Weather variables associated with development. N.-Z. Vet. J., 2011, 59(6): 287-92.
74. Harder A., Von Samson-Himmelstjerna G. Cyclooctadepsipepides — a new class of anthelmintically active compounds. Parasitol. Res., 2002, 88(6): 481-488.
75. Bakh T., Tentsler Ya. Predotvrashchenie vertikal'nykh infektsii, vyzyvaemykh endoparazitami. Patent RF № 2405565. Opubl. 2010. Byul. № 34 [Preventing Vertical Endoparasite Infections, RU Patent 2405565, Pub. 2010, Bull. № 34].
76. Arkhipov I.A., Zubov A.V., Abramov V.E., Tikhanova N.V. Rasprostranenie gel'mintozov koshek v Rossii i ikh terapiya s primeneniem antigel'mintnogo lekarstvennogo sredstva Profender® proizvodstva firmy «Vaueg HealthSare AG», Germaniya. Mat. II Sochinskogo veterinarnogo festivalya [Proc. II Sochi Veterinarian Festival]. Sochi, 2007: 6-11.
77. Krudewagen E.M., Schimmel A. Concomitant simultaneous and consecutive treatment of imidacloprid/moxidectin spot-on with emodepside/praziquantel tablets in adult dogs. Intern. J. Appl. Res. Vet. Med., 2011, 9(3): 290-299.
78. Holden-Dye L., Crisford A., Welz C., Von Samson-Himmelstjerna G., Walker R.J., O’Connor V. Worms take to the slo lane: a perspective on the mode of action of emodepside. Invert. Neurosci., 2012, 12: 29-36.
79. Martin R.J., Buxton S.K., Neveu C., Charvet C.L., Robertson A.P. Emodepside and SLO-1 potassium channels: A review. Exper. Parasitol., 2012, 132(1): 40-46.
80. Kaminsky R., Ducray P., Jung M. et al. A new class of anthelmintics effective against drug-resistant nematodes. Nature, 2008, 452: 176-180.
81. Karadzovska D., Seewald W., Browning A., Smal M., Bouvier J., Giraudel J.M. Pharmacokinetics of monepantel and its sulfone metabolite, monepantel sulfone, after intravenous and oral administration in sheep. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther., 2009, 32(4): 359-367.
82. Stuchlíková L., Jirásko R., Vokrál I., Lamka J., Špulák M., Holca-
pek M., Szotáková B., Bártíková H., Pour M., Skálová L. Investigation of the metabolism of monepantel in ovine hepatocytes by UHPLC/MS/MS. Analyt. Bioanalyt. Chem., 2013, 405(5): 1705-1712.
83. Baker K.E., George S.D., Stein P.A. et al. Efficacy of monepantel and anthelmintic combinations against multiple-resistant Haemonchus contortus in sheep, including characterisation of the nematode isolate. Vet. Parasitol., 2012, 186: 513-517.
84. Epe С., Kaminsky R. New advancement in anthelmintic drugs in veterinary medicine. Trends. Parasitol., 2013, 29(3): 129-134;
85. Rufener L., Baur R., Kaminsky R., Mäser P., Sigel E. Monepantel allosterically activates DEG-3/DES-2 channels of the gastrointestinal nematode Haemonchus contortus. Mol. Pharm., 2010, 78(5): 895-902.
86. Little P.R., Hodges A., Maeder S.J., Wirtherle N.C., Nicholas D.R.,
Cox G.G., Conder G.A. Efficacy of a combination oral formulation of derquantel-abamectin against the adult and larval stages of nematodes in sheep, including anthelmintic-resistant strains. Vet. Parasitol., 2011, 181(2-4): 180-193.
87. Finefield J.M., Frisvad J.C., Sherman D.H., Williams R.M. Fungal origins of the bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane ring system of prenylated indole alkaloids. J. Nat. Prod., 2012, 75(4): 812-833.
88. Kaminsky R., Bapst B., Stein P.A. et al. Differences in efficacy of monepantel, derquantel and abamectin against multi-resistant nematodes in sheep. Parasitol. Res., 2011, 109: 19-23.
89. Xiao S.H., Hui-Ming W., Tanner M., Utzinger J., Chong W. Tribendimidine: a promising, safe and broad-spectrum anthelmintic agent from China. Acta Trop., 2005, 94(1): 1-14.
90. Keiser J., Shu-Hua X., Chollet J., Tanner M., Utzinger J. Evaluation of the in vivo activity of Tribendimidine against Schistosoma mansoni, Fasciola hepatica, Clonorchis sinensis, and Opisthorchis viverrini. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 2007, 51(3): 1096-1098.
91. Keiser J., Thiemann K., Endriss Y., Utzinger J. Strongyloides ratti: in vitro and in vivo activity of tribendimidine. PLоS Negl. Trop. Diseas., 2008, 2(1): e136.
92. Yuan G., Xu J., Qu T., Wang B., Zhang R., Wei C., Guo R. Metabolism and disposition of tribendimidine and its metabolites in healthy Chinese volunteers. Drugs R. D., 2010, 10(2): 83-90.
93. Hu Y., Xiao S.-H., Aroian R.V. The new anthelmintic tribendimidine is an L-type (levamisole and pyrantel) nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist. PLoS Negl. Trop. Diseas., 2009, 3(8): el499.
94. Broekhuysen J., Stockis A., Lins R.L., De Graeve J., Rossignol J.F. Nitazoxanide pharmacokinetics and metabolism in man. Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 2000, 38: 387-394.
95. Halsey J.L. Current approaches to the treatment of gastrointestinal infections: focus on nitazoxanide. Clinical Medicine: Therapeutics, 2009, 1: 263-275.
96. Ouattara M., Sissouma D., Kone M.W., Menan H.E., Toure S.A., Ouattara L. Synthsesis and anthelmintic activity of some hybrid benzimidazolyl-chalcone derivatives. Trop. J. Pharm. Res., 2011, 6(6): 767-775.
97. Dzhafarov M.Kh., Mirzaev M.N., Urazaev D.N., Maksimov V.I. Antiparasitic activity of adermectin and compounds of a steroid nature. Russian Agricultural Sciences, 2010, 36, 2: 130-132.
98. Dzhafarov M.Kh., Zavarzin I.V., Mirzaev M.N. Devrishova Z.A., Yusu-
pov Yu.A. Effektivnost' preparata gemaks pri strongilyatozakh ovets. Sel’skokhozyaistvennaya Biologiya [Agricultural Biology], 2012, 2: 96-101.
99. Zavarzin I.V., Dzhafarov M.Kh., Kolobov A.V., Chernoburova E.I., Bobova T.A. 5-O-Proizvodnye avermektina, sposob ikh polucheniya i antiparazitarnye sredstva na ikh osnove. Patent RF № 2472801. Prioritet 11.05.2011. Opubl. 20.01.2013. Byul. № 2 [Avermectin 5-O-Derivatives, Method for Their Production and the Antiparasitic Drugs, RU Patent № 2472801, Priority 11.05.2011, Pub. 20.01.2013., Bull. № 2.].
100. Luk'yanchenko T.A. Vestnik zoologii, 2000, 34(3): 67-72.
101. Dong J., Zhu Y., Song H., Li R., He H., Liu H., Huang R., Zhou Y., Wang L., Cao Y., Zhang K. Nematicidal resorcylides from the aquatic fungus Caryospora callicarpa YMF1.01026. J. Chem. Ecol., 2007, 33: 1115-1126.
102. Dias A.S., Araujo J.V, Braga F.R. et al. Biological control of Fasciola hepatica eggs with the Pochonia chlamydosporia fungus after passing through the cattle gastrointestinal tract. Parasitol. Res., 2012, 110(2): 663-667.
103. Reynolds L.A., Filbey K.J., Maizels R.M. Immunity to the model intestinal helminth parasite Heligmosomoides polygyrus. Semin. Immunopathol., 2012, 34: 829-846.
104. Lebedev K.A., Ponyakina I.D. Immunologiya obrazraspoznayushchikh retseptorov (integral'naya immunologiya) [Integral Immunology of Image-Recognizing Receptors]. Moscow, 2009: 112.
105. Werren J.H., Baldo L., Clark M.E. Wolbachia: master manipulators of invertebrate biology. Nature Rev. Microbiol., 2008, 6: 741-751.
106. Hoerauf A., Specht S., Büttner M., Pfarr K., Mand S., Fimmers R., Marfo-Debrekyei Y., Konadu P., Debrah A.Y., Bandi C., Brattig N. et al. Wolbachia endobacteria depletion by doxycycline as antifilarial therapy has macrofilaricidal activity in onchocerciasis: a randomized placebo-controlled study. Med. Microbiol. Immunol., 2008, 197: 295-311.
107. Johnston K.L., Wu B., Guimaraes A., Ford L., Slatko B.E., Taylor M.J. Lipoprotein biosynthesis as a target for anti-Wolbachia treatment of filarial nematodes. Parasit. Vect., 2010, 3: 99.
108. McGraw E.A., O’Neill S.L. Beyond insecticides: new thinking on an ancient problem. Nature Rev. Microbiol., 2013, 11: 181-193.
109. Ruanpanun P., Laatsch H., Tangchitsomkid N., Lumyong S. Nematicidal activity of fervenulin isolated from a nematicidal actinomycete, Streptomyces sp. CMU-MH021, on Meloidogyne incognita. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 2011, 27: 1373-1380.
110. Zeng Q., Huang H., Zhu J., Fang Z., Sun Q., Bao S. A new nematicidal compound produced by S. albogriseolus HA10002. Springer, 2013 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23444037).
111. Hrckova G., Velebny S. Pharmacological potential of selected natural compounds in the control of parasitic diseases. SpringerBriefs, 2013, ISBN 978-3-7091-1324-0: 29-99.
112. Hu Y., Zhan B., Keegan B., Yiu Y.Y., Miller M.M., Jones K., Aroian R.V. Mechanistic and single-dose in vivo therapeutic studies of Cry5B anthelmintic action against hookworms. PLоS NTD, 2012, 6(11): e1900.
113. Behnke J.M., Buttle D.J., Stepek G., Lowe A., Duce I.R. Developing novel anthelmintics from plant cysteine proteinases. Parasit. Vect., 2008, 1: 1-28.
114. Narkowics C.K., Blackman A.J., Lacey E. et al. Convolutindole A and convolutamine H, new nematicidal brominated alkaloids from the marine bryozoan Amantha convoluta. J. Nat. Prod., 2002, 65: 938-941.
115. Tandon V., Yadav A. K., Roy B., Das B. Phytochemicals as cure of worm infections in traditional medicine systems. Emerging Trends in Zoology, 2011: 351-378.
116. Chatterjee R.K., Fatma N., Murthy P.K., Sinha P., Kulshreshtha D.K., Dhawan B.N. Macrofilaricidal activity of the stem bark of Streblus asper and its major active constituents. Drug Dev. Res., 1992, 26: 67-78.
117. Dzhafarov M.KH., Mirzaeva K.M., Zavarzin I.V., Devrishova Z.A., Mirzaev M.N. Zhurnal veterinarnoi meditsiny, 2012, 1: 37-39.
118. Schatzmann H.J., Rass B. Inhibition of the active Na,K-transport Na,K-activated membrane ATPase of erythrocyte stroma by ouabain. Helv. Physiol. Pharmacol. Acta, 1965, 65(1): 47-49.
119. Prassas I., Diamandis E.P. Novel therapeutic applications of cardiac glycosides. Nature Rev., 2008, 7: 926-935.
120. Li G.-D., Chiara D.C., Cohen J.B., Olsen R.W. Neurosteroids allosterically modulate binding of the anesthetic etomidate to g-aminobutyric acid type A receptors. J. Biol. Chem., 2009, 284(18): 11771-11775.
121. Dhzafarov M.Kh. Retroaldol processes in steroid chemistry. Russ. Сhem. Reviews, 1992, 61(3): 363-372.
122. Dzhafarov M.Kh., Maksimov V.I. Steroidy. Stroenie, poluchenie, svoistva i biologicheskoe znachenie. Primenenie v meditsine i veterinarii [Steroids: Structure, Production, Properties, and Biological Significance, Applications in Medicine and Veterinary]. St. Petersburg, 2010.
123. Ibarra-Velarde F., Vera-Montenegro Y., Huesca-Guillen A. et al. In silico fasciolicide activity of three experimental compounds in sheep. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 2008, 1149: 183-185.
124. Sargison N.D. Pharmaceutical treatments of gastrointestinal nematode infections of sheep — Future of anthelmintic drugs. Vet. Parasitol., 2012, 189: 79-84.
