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Grishechkina S.D., Antonets K.S., Nizhnikov A.A. Insecticidal and polyfunctional strains of Bacillus thuringiensis: world practice and products developed at the All-Russian Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM) (review). Sel'skokhozyaistvennaya Biologiya [Agricultural Biology], 2026, Vol. 61, № 3, p. 403-421.
(how to cite this article)

doi: 10.15389/agrobiology.2026.3.403eng

UDC: 632.937.15

Acknowledgements:
Supported financially by the Russian Science Foundation, project No. 24-16-00284

 

INSECTICIDAL AND POLYFUNCTIONAL STRAINS OF Bacillus thuringiensis: WORLD PRACTICE AND PRODUCTS DEVELOPED AT THE ALL-RUSSIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR AGRICULTURAL MICROBIOLOGY (ARRIAM)(review)

S.D. Grishechkina1, K.S. Antonets1, 2, A.A. Nizhnikov1, 2 ✉

1All-Russian Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, 3, sh. Podbel’skogo, St. Petersburg—Pushkin, 196608 Russia, e-mail svetagrishechkina@mail.ru, k.antonets@arriam.ru;
2Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9, Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg, 199034 Russia, e-mail a.nizhnikov@arriam.ru, a.nizhnikov@spbu.ru (✉ corresponding author)

ORCID:
Grishechkina S.D. orcid.org/0000-0002-4877-705X
Nizhnikov A.A orcid.org/0000-0002-8338-3494
Antonets K.S. orcid.org/0000-0002-8575-2601

Final revision received October 27, 2025
Accepted December 12, 2025

Due to the need for environmentally friendly products the use of microbiological preparations to protect plants from pests and diseases is very important. In the world practice, the most popular biological preparations are those based on the entomopathogenic bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), which have a selective effect on certain groups of insects, safe for chordates and the environment. About 100 subspecies and serovars of Bt have been identified. For biocontrol of insects in agrocenoses, biopreparations based on 3 pathovars are mainly used. The Pathovar A is present by strains that are active against insects from the order Lepidoptera. The Pathovar B comprises Bt strains that are active against the larvae of blood-sucking mosquitoes, midges, and herbivorous mosquitoes from the order Diptera. The Pathovar C involves Bt strains that affect Coleoptera species (L. Palma et al., 2014; Y. Bel et al., 2022). The Pathovar F (fungi) has also been identified, which exhibits activity against fungi (O.V. Smirnov et al., 2010). In addition, some strains of this bacterium are active against nematodes (A.C. Kotze et al., 2005), mites (M.A. Hassanain et al., 1997), and mollusks (A.M. Abd El-Ghany et al., 2017). Along with insecticidal properties, strains of this species may have antibacterial, fungicidal, and growth-promoting properties (M.N. Islam et al., 2019; A.M. Mohammad et al., 2013; I.V. Maksimov et al., 2015). Bt bacteria are capable of producing a wide range of protein-based elicitors that can activate natural plant defense responses to the effects of harmful organisms, and develop plant immunity to them. The effect ofBt on pests is due to entomotoxic, entomopathogenic and metatoxic effects caused by the endotoxin protein crystals, other entomocidal proteins, minor virulence factors, and spores (N.V. Kandybin et al., 2009; Y.V. Malovichko et al., 2019). Not all Bt toxins are proteins; for example, the heat-stable water-soluble b-exotoxin (thuringiesin) has the nucleotide nature (J. Farkaš et al., 1977; S. Espinasse et al., 2002). Acting as a synergist in combination with the sporocrystalline complex, the exotoxin enhances the entomocidal effect (A. Bravo et al., 2007). Bacterial toxins include enzymes, namely chitinases, lecithinases, phosphatases, cellulases, metalloproteases, etc. (S. Honda et al., 2017; O. Lozeva et al., 2002; Y.V. Malovichko et al., 2019). A number of secondary metabolites enhance the activity of toxins. Antifungal and antibacterial activity is associated with the production of Btlytic enzymes, such as proteases and chitinases, which lyse the cell walls of plant pathogens (L. Xiao et al., 2009; D.J. Seo et al., 2012). Additionally, increased activity occurs due to sufraxins, fengycins and iturins, as well as lipopeptide antibiotics (P.I. Kim et al., 2010; F. Achimou et al., 2000). Phytoregulatory activity is due to the formation of siderophores and phytohormones (V.C. Maslennikova, 2023; А.М. Timofeeva et al., 2022). Due to the production of such a wide range of various compounds that determine economically valuable properties, Bt has become the most widely used producer of biological pesticides in the world. At the All-Russian Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), prototypes of unique biological preparations with multifunctional properties (insecticidal, antifungal, and growth-stimulating) have been created based on new Bt strains isolated and characterized by our researchers (S.D.Grishechkina et al., 2019). Currently, screening and characterization of novel strains as well as detailed sequencing and analysis of their genomes are performed (A.E. Shikov et al., 2024). The use of preparations based on these strains will contribute to the production of environmentally friendly products, environmental protection, and expansion of the range of microbiological plant protection products, as well as the scope of their application. They can compete with chemical pesticides not only in terms of environmental safety, but also in terms of economic indicators. This review is dedicated to a comparative analysis of the agriculturally valuable properties of Bt strains selected at ARRIAM, and to the assessment of their potential for plant growing and biotechnology.

Keyword: biopesticides, Bacillus thuringiensis, insecticidal activity, fungicidal activity, plant growth regulation, elisitors, plant protection, pests, plant pathogens.

 

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