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Filippova P.S. Geochemical aspects of iodine and its role in the plant metabolism (review). Sel'skokhozyaistvennaya Biologiya [Agricultural Biology], 2026, Vol. 61, № 3, p. 387-402.
(how to cite this article)

doi: 10.15389/agrobiology.2026.3.387eng

UDC: 631.81.095.337

Acknowledgements:
Supported financially by the Russian Science Foundation and the St. Petersburg State Autonomous Institution The Foundation for Support of Scientific, Scientific-Technical and Innovative Activities

 

GEOCHEMICAL ASPECTS OF IODINE AND ITS ROLE IN THE PLANT METABOLISM (review)

P.S. Filippova1, 2 ✉

1St. Petersburg Federal Research Center RAS, North-West Centre of Interdisciplinary Researches of Problems of Food Maintenance, 3, sh. Podbel’skogo. St. Petersburg—Pushkin, 196608 Russia;
2Agrophysical Research Institute, 14, Grazhdanskii prosp., St. Petersburg, 195220 Russia, e-mail tipolis@yandex.ru (✉ corresponding author)

ORCID:
Filippova P.S. orcid.org/0000-0001-9726-8844

Final revision received September 16, 2025
Accepted December 02, 2025

Iodine is an important element of the biosphere and is present in all living organisms. Iodine in the form of gas and water vapor is transferred to land, where it accumulates in soils mainly in the form of iodide (I-), iodate (IO3-), and organically bound iodine (S. Ahmad et al., 2021; S. Zhao et al., 2023; G. Jiang et al., 2024). Soil, in turn, serves as a source of iodine for groundwater (K. Yue et al., 2024). The spatial distribution of iodine in soils occurs through leaching, absorption by plants and soil organic matter, and evaporation (D.J. Ashworth, 2009). Aromatic compounds are the primary carriers of sedimentary iodine (S. Zhao et al., 2023). It is assumed that one of the most likely ways of iodine incorporation into soil organic matter is its binding to aromatic rings in the ortho- and para-position relative to the electron-donating group (amino group) of the aromatic ring (C. Xu et al., 2012). Many studies demonstrate that soil microorganisms are involved in the process of iodine transformation (Y. Muramatsu et al., 1999; C.M. Yeager et al., 2017; R.M. Grandbois et al., 2023). Iodine in soils is methylated and volatilized by oxidation of I- to CH3I, HIO, and I2 (S. Amachi et al., 2008; M. Seki et al., 2013). Extracellular bacterial enzymes play an important role in this process (Z. Jiang et al., 2024). It has been established that iodine is involved in many metabolic processes in plants (C. Kiferle et al., 2021; V.L. Nascimento et al., 2022; J.d.S. Lima et al., 2023). Iodine as a trace element enhances the activity of enzymes (N. Gupta et al., 2015; L.L. Rivera-Solís et al., 2025), increases the content of various antioxidants (B. Blasco et al., 2008; R. Leyva et al., 2011), accelerates the phenological phases (C. Kiferle et al., 2021), stimulates photosynthetic activity (R. Li et al., 2016; F. Mejía-Ramírez et al., 2023) and accumulation of nitrogen compounds (S. Smoleń et al., 2012), increases adaptivity in cases of abiotic stress (N. Gupta et al., 2015; J.D.S. Lima et al., 2023). In addition, plant analogues of thyroid hormones, such as triiodothyronine and tetraiodothyronine, have been discovered (L. Fowden, 1959; M.I. Garipova et al., 2020; S. Smoleń et al., 2023). In lettuce plants, iodine was present in the form of iodide (16.1 μg/L) and sodium salt of triiodothyronine (T3-Na) (484.1 μg/L) (S. Smoleń et al., 2021). It has been established that iodine is incorporated into peptides. Iodine is mostly incorporated into the tyrosine and histidine molecules in the amino acid sequences. Iodine affects the expression of various genes and the structure of proteins through iodination (C. Kiferle et al., 2021). The incorporation of iodine into organic substances such as proteins and enzymes highlights the importance of this trace element for plant development. Studying the biophilic nature of iodine and its affinity for organic compounds provides insights into the potential applications of iodine fertilizers.

Keywords: iodine, trace element, iodine geochemistry, plant metabolism, tyrosine, protein iodination.

 

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