doi: 10.15389/agrobiology.2019.3.446eng
UDC: 631.461.52:581.557:581.138.1
Acknowledgements:
Supported financially by Russian Science Foundation (project № 16-16-10035)
PLANT CELL WALL IN SYMBIOTIC INTERACTIONS. PECTINS
A.V. Tsyganova, V.E. Tsyganov
All-Russian Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, 3, sh. Podbel’skogo, St. Petersburg, 196608 Russia, e-mail isaakij@mail.ru, tsyganov@arriam.spb.ru (✉ corresponding author)
ORCID:
Tsyganova A.V. orcid.org/0000-0003-3505-4298
Tsyganov V.E. orcid.org/0000-0003-3105-8689
Received January 22, 2019
Since plant cells, unlike animals, are immobile and limited by rigid cell walls, often the properties of the plant extracellular matrix play a crucial role in the plant development. The extracellular matrix, in particular the cell walls, are involved in the molecular dialogue between partners during the interaction of plants and microorganisms during the formation of legume-rhizobial symbiosis (N.J. Brewin, 2004; M.K. Rich et al., 2014). Legume-rhizobial symbiosis is a convenient model for studying changes in the composition of the plant cell wall caused by interactions with bacteria. Colonization of host cells with nodule bacteria, rhizobia, involves the sequential reorganization of the plant-microbial interface. The bacterial components of the symbiotic interface include various surface polysaccharides (A.V. Tsyganova et al., 2012). Plant components include the cell wall, the extracellular matrix and the plasma membrane. In this review, we have summarized the data demonstrating the involvement of pectins, the polysaccharides of the cell wall matrix, in the legume-rhizobial symbiosis (K.H. Caffall et al., 2009; M.A. Atmodjo et al., 2013; C.T. Anderson, 2015). The greatest progress has been made in the study of homogalacturonan, for which highly specific monoclonal antibodies have been obtained (J.P. Knox et al., 1990; Y. Verhertbruggen et al., 2009). The level of methyl-esterification of homogalacturonan determines its function in nodules. It was shown that low methyl-esterified homogalacturonan is involved in increasing the rigidity of the cell walls and walls of infection threads (K.A. VandenBosch et al., 1989; A.L. Rae et al., 1992) that is especially manifested in ineffective interaction with rhizobia (K.A. Ivanova et al., 2015) and during the action of abiotic factors (M. Redondo-Nieto et al., 2003, 2007; M. Sujkowska-Rybkowska et al., 2015). High methyl-esterified homogalacturonan is observed in the cell walls at all stages of nodule development (A.L. Rae et al., 1992; A.V. Tsyganova et al., 2019). The absence of well characterized antibodies complicates the study of rhamnogalacturonan-II (M.A. O’Neill et al., 2004). However, it was shown that in nodules rhamnogalacturonan-II is present in the cell wall at the border with the plasma membrane, in undifferentiated symbiosomes, and also in the matrix of infection threads (M. Redondo-Nieto et al., 2003, 2007; M. Reguera et al., 2010). Probably, rhamnogalacturonan-II in combination with boron and arabinogalactan-protein extensins promotes movement of rhizobia in the matrix of infectious threads (M. Reguera et al., 2010). Only recently, we conducted the first studies aimed at identifying the role of rhamnogalacturonan-I in the development of nodules (A.V. Tsyganova et al., 2019). It has been shown that rhamnogalacturonan-I is present in the cell wall of the meristem cells, vascular bundles and in the walls of the infectious threads. However, its precise function remains unknown, although it was suggested that rhamnogalacturonan-I is involved in the perception of rhizobia as pathogens during ineffective symbiosis (A.V. Tsyganova et al., 2019). Thus, to date, it has been shown that all types of pectins are involved in the development of a symbiotic nodule. It is important to note that plant plays a central role in the remodelling of the cell wall during symbiotic interaction and the construction of the plant-microbe interface.
Keywords: legume-rhizobial symbiosis, plant-microbe interface, cell wall, infection thread, homogalacturonan, rhamnogalacturonans.
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