doi: 10.15389/agrobiology.2018.2.235eng
UDC 636.08:636.018:577.12/.17
MOLECULAR MARKERS IN IMMUNE RESPONSE MANIFESTATIONS
(review)
A.F. Yakovlev
All-Russian Research Institute for Farm Animal Genetics and Breeding — branch of L.K. Ernst Federal Science Center for Animal Husbandry,Federal Agency of Scientific Organizations,55А, Moskovskoe sh., pos. Tyarlevo, St. Petersburg—Pushkin, 196625 Russia, e-mail afyakov@mail.ru
(✉ corresponding author)
ORCID:
Yakovlev A.F. orcid.org/0000-0002-7503-8033
Received June 23, 2016
The immune system is genetically controlled and responsible for population heterogeneity on the immune response. The aim of the article is to analyze molecular mechanisms of cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immune response and molecular markers for genomic selection. Genotypic differences between individuals in terms of tolerance/susceptibility to infectious diseases are characteristic of animal populations (S.C. Bishop et al., 2014). Data massive indicates multiple SNPs associated with high and low immune responses of animals, providing the possibility of calculating the coefficients of genomic breeding values for this attribute. There is a need to assess the dispersion of indirect genetic effects that help to open up new possibilities for the control of infectious diseases through selection. However, it should be noted that the quantitative genetic analysis based on individual animal disease status covers only part of the total genetic variation that affects the dynamics of infectious diseases in populations. Estimation of gene expression patterns in a particular immune response is considered as the most valuable (V.V. Firstova et al., 2010). Study of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC-B) 209296 bp region in birds with high-density SNP chips allowed the authors to determine 45 key genes which affect MHC-B diversity through recombination. The findings extend the understanding of the contribution of recombination to the diversity of MHC-B haplotypes, including the ability to identify hot spots and recombination estimation of recombination frequency (J.E. Fulton et al., 2016). The causative mutations related to the basic genetic variability of innate and adaptive immune responses in chickens are mapped (A. Slawinska et al., 2013). Search for causal mutations responsible for genetic variation in the immune response can be used as an approach to diagnostic tests. E.g., SNP associated with susceptibility to tuberculosis are detected (M.L. Bermingham et al., 2014). Immune response falls into a category of complex and quantitative traits that are under control of multiple genes with a noticeable influence of the environment. Obviously, some genes of common universal action may participate in innate and adaptive immunity. We can assume that such immunity has predominantly additive mode of inheritance (M. Siwek et al., 2015). Breeding for diseases resistance is greatly difficult because of low heritability and lack of estimates for comprehensive genetic assessment of the disease resistance variability. Growing genomic evaluations of the animals has created a basis for the use of molecular markers in breeding to increase animal resistance to diseases. Studies of the genome and the overall adaptive immune response associations in different species of farm animals provide an important starting point for the implementation of such plans. Identification of potential biological pathways and genes associated with immune response can assist in advancing the understanding of the important processes in animal resistance or susceptibility to diseases.
Keywords: immune response, antibodies, genome, single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP, disease, resistance, selection, quantitative traits, receptors, animals, heritability, associations, mutations.
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