doi: 10.15389/agrobiology.2016.2.141eng
UDC 539.1.047:575.224
CHERNOBYL AND FUKUSHIMA NUCLEAR ACCIDENTS
(review)
V.I. Glazko1, 2, B.L. Zybailov3, T.T. Glazko1, 2
1K.A. Timiryazev Russian State Agrarian University—Moscow Agrarian Academy,
49, ul. Timiryazevskaya, Moscow, 127550 Russia;
2Center for Experimental Embryology and Reproductive Biotechnology, Federal Agency of Scientific Organizations,
12/4, ul. Kostyakova, Moscow, 127422 Russia,
e-mail vglazko@yahoo.com, tglazko@rambler.ru;
3University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, AR, 72205 USA
Received January 14, 2016
In the review, our own studies of increased ionizing radiation effects on agricultural animals (nutria, rabbits, pigs, cattle) and small rodents of bio-indicator species after Chernobyl NPP accident are compared with published data of human populations’ survey after the accidents at Chernobyl and Fukushima nuclear power plants. Similarity is noted of main targets for ionizing radiation (the cardiovascular system and kidneys) identified in humans and agricultural animals. Effects of ionizing radiation and post-traumatic syndromes are also comparable. Biomarkers of damages caused by ionizing radiation are considered. Differences in the estimates of the thyroid gland papillary carcinoma frequency after nuclear accidents at Chernobyl and Fukushima NPPs are discussed. Apparently, this inconsistency is mainly due to genogeographic factors, iodine deficit in geochemical province, and natural selection affecting number of generations in the populations from naturally radioactive provinces or under enhanced radionuclide pollution after technological accidents (T.I. Bogdanova et al., 2015; V.M. Drozd et al., 2015; M.B. Zimmermann, V. Galetti, 2015). A non-linear dependency of biological effects of irradiation in the low dose range was analyzed with its possible mechanisms discussed (i.e. damage accumulation until the level necessary to induce DNA reparation, changes in young to old cell proportion in the populations, mitochondrial dysfunction) (E. Markievicz et al., 2015). A concept of «horizontal» and «vertical» effects of ionizing radiation on biological objects is introduced. It was shown that in different species of rodents (Microtus arvalis, Clethrionomys glareolus), and in the laboratory mice of C57BL/6, СС57W/Mv, and BALB/c lines the irradiation of bone marrow cells induced an increase of only those cytogenetic anomalies, in comparison of control groups, the increased variability of which was typical for the studied objects in a relatively clean areas. The main and, apparently, underestimated vertical consequence of raised ionizing radiation is the decrease in reproductive success of irradiated animals. Importantly, a transgenerational transmission of post-traumatic syndrome and its mechanisms, including transmission of microRNAs, the mediators of the stress response, through the spermatozoa (K. Gapp et al., 2014), changes in microbiota of parents and their children, as well as cultural inheritance are involved to explain a complexity of observed radiobiological effects and their inheritance revealed in recent years.
Keywords: NPP accident, ionizing radiation, «horizontal» and «vertical» effects, reproductive success, transgeneration transmission.
REFERENCES
- Shimura T., Yamaguchi I., Terada H., Svendsen E.R., Kunugita N. Public health activities for mitigation of radiation exposures and risk communication challenges after the Fukushima nuclear accident. Journal of Radiation Research, 2015, 56(3): 422-429 CrossRef
- Glazko V.I., Glazko T.T. Sources of contradictions in the evaluation of population genetic consequences after the Shernobyl disaster. Acta Naturae, 2013, 5(1): 47-62.
- Little M.P., Goodhead D.T., Bridges B.A., Bouffler S.D. Evidence relevant to untargeted and transgenerational effects in the offspring of irradiated parents. Mutat. Res., 2013, 753(1): 50-67 CrossRef
- Little M.P. Germline minisatellite mutations in the offspring of irradiated parents. J. Radiol. Prot., 2015, 35: E1-E4 CrossRef
- Pernot E., Hall J., Baatout S., Benotmane M.A., Blanchardon E., Bouffler S., El Saghire H., Gomolka M., Guertler A., Harms-Ringdahl M., Jeggo P., Kreuzer M., Laurier D., Lindholm C., Mkacher R., Quint-
ens R., Rothkamm K., Sabatier L., Tapio S., de Vathaire F., Cardis E. Ionizing radiation biomarkers for potential use in epidemiological studies. Mutat. Res., 2012, 751: 258-286 CrossRef - Perumal V., Sekaran T.S.G., Raavi V., Basheerudeen S.A.S., Kanagaraj K., Chowdhury A.R., Paul S.F.D. Radiation signature on exposed cells: relevance in dose estimation. World J. Radiol., 2015, 7(9): 266-278 CrossRef
- Kulka U., Ainsbury L., Atkinson M., Barnard S., Smith R., Barquinero J.F., Barrios L., Bassinet C., Beinke C., Cucu A., Darroudi F., Fattibene P., Bortolin E., Della Monaca S., Gil O., Gregoire E., Hadjidekova V., Haghdoost S., Hatzi V., Hempel W., Herranz R., Jaworska A., Lindholm C., Lumniczky K., M’kacher R., Mörtl S., Montoro A., Moquet J., Moreno M., Noditi M., Ogbazghi A., Oestreicher U., Palitti F., Pantelias G., Popescu I., Prieto M.J., Roch-Lefevre S., Roessler U., Romm H., Rothkamm K., Sabatier L., Sebastia N., Sommer S., Terzoudi1 G., Testa A., Thierens H., Trompier F., Turai I., Vandevoorde C., Vaz P., Voisin P., Vral A., Ugletveit F., Wieser A., Woda C., Wojcik A. Realising the European networkof biodosimetry: RENEB — status quo. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 2015, 164(1-2): 42-45 CrossRef
- Selmansberger M., Braselmann H., Hess J., Bogdanova T., Abend M., Tronko M., Brenner A., Zitzelsberger H., Unger K. Genomic copy number analysis of Chernobyl papillary thyroid carcinoma in the Ukrainian-American Cohort. Carcinogenesis, 2015, 36(11): 1381-1387 CrossRef
- Little M.P., Kwon D., Zablotska L.B., Brenner A.V., Cahoon E.K., Rozhko A.V., Polyanskaya O.N., Minenko V.F., Golovanov I., Bouville A., Drozdovitch V. Impact of uncertainties in exposure assessment on thyroid cancer risk among persons in Belarus exposed as children or adolescents due to the Chernobyl accident. PLoS ONE, 2015, 10(10): e0139826 CrossRef
- Bogdanova T.I., Zurnadzhy L.Y., Nikiforov Y.E., Leeman-Neill R.J., Tronko M.D., Chanock S., Mabuchi K., Likhtarov I.A., Kovgan L.M., Drozdovitch V., Little M.P., Hatch M., Zablotska L.B., Shpak V.M., McConnell R.J., Brenner A.V. Histopathological features of papillary thyroid carcinomas detected during four screening examinations of a Ukrainian-American cohort. Br. J. Cancer., 2015, 113(11): 1556-1564 CrossRef
- Drozd V.M., Saenko V.A., Brenner A.V., Drozdovitch V., Pashkevich V.I., Kudelsky A.V., Demidchik Y.E., Branovan I., Shiglik N., Rogounovitch T.I., Yamashita S., Biko J., Reiners C. Major factors affecting incidence of childhood thyroid cancer in Belarus after the Chernobyl accident: do nitrates in drinking water play a role. PLoS ONE, 2015, 10(9): e0137226 CrossRef
- Mitsutake N., Fukushima T., Matsuse M., Rogounovitch T., Saenko V., Uchino S., Ito M., Suzuki K., Suzuki S., Yamashita S. BRAFV600E mutation is highly prevalent in thyroid carcinomas in the young population in Fukushima: a different oncogenic profile from Chernobyl. Scientific Reports, 2015, 5: 16976 CrossRef
- Zimmermann M.B., Galetti V. Iodine intake as a risk factor for thyroid cancer: a comprehensive review of animal and human studies. Thyroid Research, 2015, 8: 8 CrossRef
- Glazko V.I., Glazko T.T. Laws of anthropogenic (ecological) disasters - the example of the Chernobyl accident. Biotechnol. & Biotechnol. Equipment, 2011, 25(4): 1-6 CrossRef
- Rothkamm K., Lobrich M. Evidence for a lack of DNA double-strand break repair in human cells exposed to very low X-ray doses. PNAS USA, 2003, 100(9): 5057-5062 CrossRef
- Suzuki K., Yamashita S. Low-dose radiation exposure and carcinogenesis. Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol., 2012, 42(7): 563-568 CrossRef
- Markiewicz E., Barnard S., Haines J., Coster M., van Geel J., Wu W., Richards S., Ainsbury E., Rothkamm K., Bouffler S., Quinlan R.A. Nonlinear ionizing radiation-induced changes in eye lens cell proliferation, cyclin D1 expression and lens shape. Open Biol., 2015, 5: 150011 CrossRef.
- Turner H.C., Shuryak I., Weber W., Doyle-Eisele M., Melo D., Guilmette R., Amundson S.A., Brenner D.J. γ-H2AX kinetic profile in mouse lymphocytes exposed to the internal emitters cesium-137 and strontium-90. PLoS ONE, 2015, 10(11): e0143815 CrossRef
- Solovjeva L., Firsanov D., Vasilishina A., Chagin V., Pleskach N., Kropotov A., Svetlova M. DNA double-strand break repair is impaired in presenescent Syrian hamster fibroblasts. BMC Mol. Biol., 2015, 16: 18 CrossRef
- Scott B.R. Radiation-hormesis phenotypes, the related mechanisms and implications for disease prevention and therapy. J. Cell. Commun. Signal., 2014, 8: 341-352 CrossRef
- Samper E., Nicholls D.G., Melov S. Mitochondrial oxidative stress causes chromosomal instability of mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Aging Cell, 2003, 2(5): 277-285 CrossRef
- Velarde M.C., Flynn J.M., Day N.U., Melov S., Campisi J. Mitochondrial oxidative stress caused by Sod2 deficiency promotes cellular senescence and aging phenotypes in the skin. Aging (Albany NY), 2012, 4(1): 3-12.
- Adam M.L., Torres M.F.P., Franci A.C., Sponchiado G., Torres R.A., dos Santos Correia M.T. On the stress by photoperiod, temperature and noise as possible causes of genomic damaging in an animal model. Stress Health, 2011, 27: e152-156 CrossRef
- Skinner M.K., Guerrero-Bosagna C., Haque M.M. Environmentally induced epigenetic transgenerational inheritance of sperm epimutations promote genetic mutations. Epigenetics, 2015, 10(8): 762-771 CrossRef
- Surowy H., Rinckleb A., Luedeke M., Stuber M., Wecker A., Varga D., Maier C., Hoegel J., Vogel W. Heritability of baseline and induced micronucleus frequencies. Mutagenesis, 2011, 26(1): 111-117 CrossRef
- Glazko T.T., Arkhipov N.P., Glazko V.I. Populyatsionno-geneticheskie posledstviya ekologicheskikh katastrof na primere chernobyl'skoi avarii [Population genetics effects of environmental disasters on the example of Chernobyl accident (in Russ.)]. Moscow, 2008.
- Aliyu A.S., Ramli A.T. The world’s high background natural radiation areas (HBNRAs) revisited: a broad overview of the dosimetric, epidemiological and radiobiological issues. Radiation Measurements, 2015, 73: 51-59 (http://www.researchgate.net/publication/270704634).
- Møller A.P., Mousseau T.A. The effects of natural variation in background radioactivity on humans, animals and other organisms. Biol. Rev., 2013, 88(1): 226-254 CrossRef
- Hasegawa A., Tanigawa K., Ohtsuru A., Yabe H., Maeda M., Shigemura J., Ohira T., Tominaga T., Akashi M., Hirohashi N., Ishikawa T., Kamiya K., Shibuya K., Yamashita S., Chhem R.K. Health effects of radiation and other health problems in the aftermath of nuclear accidents, with an emphasis on Fukushima. Lancet, 2015, 386(9992): 479-488 CrossRef
- Kamiya K., Ozasa K., Akiba S., Niwa O., Kodama K., Takamura N., Zaharieva E.K., Kimura Y., Wakeford R. Long-term effects of radiation exposure on health. Lancet, 2015, 386(9992): 469-478 CrossRef
- Richardson D., Sugiyama H., Nishi N., Sakata R., Shimizu Y., Grant E.J., Soda M., Hsu W.-L., Suyama A., Kodama K., Kasagi F. Ionizing radiation and leukemia mortality among Japanese atomic bomb survivors, 1950-2000. Radiat. Res., 2009, 172: 368-382 CrossRef
- Hsu W.-L., Preston D.L., Soda M., Sugiyama H., Funamoto S., Kodama K., Kimura A., Kamada N., Dohy H., Tomonaga M., Iwanaga M., Miyazaki Y., Cullings H.M., Suyama A., Ozasa K., Shore R.E., Mabuchi K. The incidence of leukemia, lymphoma and multiple myeloma among atomic bomb survivors: 1950-2001. Radiat. Res., 2013, 179: 361-382 CrossRef
- Tsubokura M., Takita M., Matsumura T., Hara K., Tanimoto T., Kobayashi R., Hamaki T., Oiso G., Kami M., Okawada T., Tachiya T. Changes in metabolic profiles after the Great East Japan Earthquake: a retrospective observational study. BMC Public Health, 2013, 13: 267 CrossRef
- Hasegawa J., Hidaka H., Kuriyama S., Obara T., Hashimoto K., Tateda Y., Okumura Y., Kobayashi T., Katori Y. Change in and long-term investigation of neuro-otologic disorders in disaster-stricken Fukushima Prefecture: retrospective cohort study before and after the Great East Japan Earthquake. PLoS ONE, 2015, 10(4): e0122631 CrossRef
- Sakai A., Ohira T., Hosoya M., Ohtsuru A., Satoh H., Kawasaki Y., Suzuki H., Takahashi A., Kobashi G., Ozasa K., Yasumura S., Yamashita S., Kamiya K., Abe M. Life as an evacuee after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident is a cause of polycythemia: the Fukushima health management survey. BMC Public Health, 2014, 14: 1318 CrossRef
- Eglite M.E., Zvagule T.J., Rainsford K.D., Reste J.D., Curbakova E.V., Kurjane N.N. Clinical aspects of the health disturbances in Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant accident clean-up workers (liquidators) from Latvia. Inflammopharmacology, 2009, 17(3): 163-169 (Epub 2009 Jun 13).
- Bromet E.J., Gluzman S., Schwartz J.E., Goldgaber D. Somatic symptoms in women 11 years after the Chornobyl accident: prevalence and risk factors. Environ. Health Perspect., 2002, 110(suppl. 4): 625-629 (http://ehpnet1.niehs.nih.gov/docs/2002/suppl-4/625-629bromet/abstract.html).
- Goto A., Bromet E.J., Fujimori K. Immediate effects of the Fukushima nuclear power plant disaster on depressive symptoms among mothers with infants: a prefectural-wide cross-sectional study from the Fukushima health management survey. BMC Psychiatry, 2015, 15: 59 CrossRef
- Suzuki Y., Yabe H., Yasumura S., Ohira T., Niwa S.-I., Ohtsuru A., Ma-
shiko H., Maeda M., Abe M. Psychological distress and the perception of radiation risks: the Fukushima health management survey. Bull. World Health Org., 2015, 93: 598-605 CrossRef - Laidra K., Rahu K., Tekkel M., Aluoja A., Leinsalu M. Mental health and alcohol problems among Estonian cleanup workers 24 years after the Chernobyl accident. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 2015, 50(11): 1753-1760 CrossRef
- Bromet E.J., Luft B.J. Consequences of toxic disasters for rescue, recovery, and clean-up workers require integrated mental and physical health monitoring. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 2015, 50(11): 1761-1763 CrossRef
- Contis G., Foley T.P. Depression, suicide ideation, and thyroid tumors among Ukrainian adolescents exposed as children to Chernobyl radiation. J. Clin. Med. Res., 2015, 7(5): 332-338 CrossRef
- Nyagu A.I., Loganovskii K.N. Neiropsikhiatricheskie effekty ioniziruyushchikh izluchenii [Neuropsychiatric effects of ionizing radiation (in Russ.)]. Kiev, 1998.
- Nyagu A.I., Loganovskii K.N. Zhurnal nevropatologii i psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova, 1997, 97(2): 62-70 (in Russ.).
- Heiervang K.S., Mednick S., Sundet K., Rund B.R. Effect of low dose ionizing radiation exposure in utero on cognitive function in adolescence. Scand. J. Psychol., 2010, 51(3): 210-215.
- Baulch J.E., Craver B.M., Tran K.K., Yu L., Chmielewski N., Allen B.D., Limoli C.L. Persistent oxidative stress in human neural stem cells exposed to low fluences of charged particles. Redox Biology, 2015, 5: 24-32 CrossRef
- Parihar V.K., Allen B.D., Tran K.K., Chmielewski N.N., Craver B.M., Martirosian V., Morganti J.M., Rosi S., Vlkolinsky R., Acharya M.M., Nelson G.A., Allen A.R., Limoli C.L. Targeted overexpression of mitochondrial catalase prevents radiation-induced cognitive dysfunction. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, 2014, 22(1): 78-91 CrossRef
- Sugimoto T., Shinozaki T., Miyamoto Y. Aftershocks associated with impaired health caused by the Great East Japan Disaster among youth across Japan: a national cross-sectional survey. Interact. J. Med. Res., 2013, 2(2): e31 CrossRef
- Tanaka R. Prolonged living as a refugee from the area around a stricken nuclear power plant increases the risk of death. Prehosp. Disaster. Med., 2015, 30(4): 425-430 CrossRef
- Shmal'gauzen I.I. Faktoryevolyutsii. Teoriya stabiliziruyushchego otbora. [Factors of evolution. Stabilizing selection concept (in Russ.)]. Moscow, 1968.
- Dalgaard N.T., Todd B.K., Daniel S.I., Montgomery E. The transmission of trauma in refugee families: associations between intra-family trauma communication style, children’s attachment security and psychosocial adjustment. Attach. Hum. Dev., 2016, 18(1): 69-89 CrossRef
- Braga L.L., Mello M.F., Fiks J.P. Transgenerational transmission of trauma and resilience: a qualitative study with Brazilian offspring of Holocaust survivors. BMC Psychiatry, 2012, 12: 134 CrossRef
- Ben-Ezra M., Palgi Y., Soffer Y., Shrira A. Mental health consequences of the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster: are the grandchildren of people living in Hiroshima and Nagasaki during the drop of the atomic bomb more vulnerable. World Psychiatry, 2012, 11(2): 133 CrossRef
- Dalgaard N.T., Montgomery E. Disclosure and silencing: a systematic review of the literature on patterns of trauma communication in refugee families. Transcultural Psychiatry, 2015, 52(5): 579-593 CrossRef
- Wang B., Tanaka K., Katsube T., Ninomiya Y., Vares G., Liu Q., Morita A., Nakajima T., Nenoi M. Chronic restraint-induced stress has little modifying effect on radiation hematopoietic toxicity in mice. J. Radiat. Res., 2015, 56(5): 760-767 CrossRef
- Pembrey M., Saffery R., Bygren L.O. Human transgenerational responses to early-life experience: potential impact on development, health and biomedical research. J. Med. Genet., 2014, 51: 563-572 CrossRef
- Grandjean Ph., Barouki P., Bellinger D.C., Casteleyn L., Chadwick L.H., Cordier S., Etzel R.A., Gray K.A., Ha E.-H., Junien C., Karagas M., Kawamoto T., Lawrence B.P., Perera F.P., Prins G.S., Puga A., Rosenfeld C.S., Sherr D.H., Sly P.D., Suk W., Sun Q., Toppari J., van den Hazel P., Walker C.L., Heindel J.J. Life-long implications of developmental exposure to environmental stressors: new perspectives. Endocrinology, 2015, 156(10): 3408-3415 CrossRef
- Trerotola M., Relli V., Simeone P., Alberti S. Epigenetic inheritance and the missing heritability. Human Genomics, 2015, 9: 17 CrossRef
- Casas E., Vavouri T. Sperm epigenomics: challenges and opportunities. Front. Genet., 2014, 5: 330 CrossRef
- Weigmann K. Lifestyle in the sperm. EMBO reports, 2014, 15: 1233-1237 CrossRef
- Wu H., Hauser R., Krawetz S.A., Pilsner J.R. Environmental susceptibility of the sperm epigenome during windows of male germ cell development. Curr. Envir. Health Rpt., 2015, 2: 356-366 CrossRef
- Gapp K., Jawaid A., Sarkies P., Bohacek J., Pelczar P., Prados J., Farinelli L., Miska E., Mansuy I.M. Implication of sperm RNAs in transgenerational inheritance of the effects of early trauma in mice. Nat. Neurosci., 2014, 17: 667-669 CrossRef
- Rodgers A.B., Bale T.L. Germ cell origins of posttraumatic stress disorder risk: the transgenerational impact of parental stress experience. Biological Psychiatry, 2015, 78(5): 307-314 CrossRef
- Bale T.L. Lifetime stress experience: transgenerational epigenetics and germ cell programming. Dialogues Clin. Neurosci., 2014, 16(3): 297-305 (http://www.dialogues-cns.org).
- Rodgers A.B., Morgan C.P., Leu N.A., Bale T.L. Transgenerational epigenetic programming via sperm microRNA recapitulates effects of paternal stress. PNAS USA, 2015, 112(44): 13699-13704 CrossRef
- Brieño-Enríquez M.A., García-López J., Cárdenas D.B., Guibert S., Cleroux E., Ded L., de Dios Hourcade J., Peknicová J., Weber M., del Mazo J. Exposure to endocrine disruptor induces transgenerational epigenetic deregulation of microRNAs in primordial germ cells. PLoS ONE, 2015, 10(4): e0124296 CrossRef
- Virant-Klun I., Ståhlberg A., Kubista M., Skutella T. MicroRNAs: from female fertility, germ cells, and stem cells to cancer in Humans. Stem Cells International, 2016, 2016, Article ID 3984937, 17 pages CrossRef
- Asgari S. Epigenetic modifications underlying symbiont-host interactions. Adv. Genet., 2014, 86: 253-276 CrossRef
- Bordenstein S.R., Theis K.R. Host biology in light of the microbiome: ten principles of holobionts and hologenomes. PLoS Biol., 2015, 13(8): e1002226 CrossRef
- Stilling R.M., Bordenstein S.R., Dinan T.G., Cryan J.F. Friends with social benefits: host-microbe interactions as a driver of brain evolution and development? Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 2014, 4: 147 CrossRef