doi: 10.15389/agrobiology.2012.2.102eng

УДК 636.2:619:615.9:591.11

DYNAMICS OF BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF CATTLE BLOOD AT THE MULTIPLE TREATMENTS BY BUTOX

L.K. Gerunova1, E.G. Bardina2

At the external treatment of cows of the Black-and-White breed by butox the authors studied the dynamics of blood biochemical parameters (the activities of choline esterase, alkaline and acid phosphatase, aspartate- and alanine aminotransferase, the content of bilirubin, total protein, albumins, globulins, cholesterol and creatinine). The diagnostic informativity of indices of choline esterase, alkaline and acid phosphatase activities was established. It was demonstrated that multiple use of this preparation result in the changes of functional state of animal liver and kidneys.

Keywords: butox, intoxication, biochemical indices, cattle.

 

Economical effect of pesticides in agriculture has been proved by undoubted benefits in plant protection from diseases, pests and weeds, in preservation and increasing crop yields, as well as in protection of farm animals against biting insects and ectoparasites. However, negative aftereffects of pesticides are not excluded at improper transportation, storage and misuse, which can result in contamination of the environment, animal feed and human food. These toxic chemicals are always associated with a potential hazard of acute and chronic poisoning of people and farm animals (1-4). All these facts determine the relevance of clinical toxicological researches on pathogenesis of pesticide intoxication and techniques of diagnostic of pathological process.
The object of this study was identification of diagnostically significant biochemical blood parameters in cows during a chronic intoxication with the pesticide butox.
Technique. The study was carried out in one of the cattle farms of Omsk province on Black-and-White cows aged 3 years kept and fed according to commonly adopted techniques. The cows were treated with butox (“Intervet”, the Netherlands) – a concentrate of a synthetic pyrethroid with a wide spectrum of activity against insects and acarids. To determine its hematological effects the cows were divided into two groups (5 animals in each group). The experimental group was treated by butox sprayed on a surface four times once in 10 days (water solution of 1:1000 diluted concentrate; 2 l per animal at every treatment). The product was applied according to the manufacturer’s instructions considering a recommended period of effective action (5). The blood for analysis was collected on the 2nd day after treatment 4 times once in 10 days, and the 5th – in 1 month after the last treatment.
Biochemical analyses of blood plasma were performed using reagent kits (“Hospitex Diagnostics”, Italy) on the automatic biochemical analyzer AB-02 (Ural Optical and Mechanical Plant, Russia).
The data were statistically processed in Microsoft Excel using a parametric Student’s t-test (6).
Results. Already in 24 h after the first treatment of cows with butox the activity of cholinesterase in the blood plasma increased up to18,3% relative to control (P <0,01) (Table). A rising trend of this parameter persisted on the 10th, 20th, 30th and 60th day of the study. This fact allowed assuming that butox leads to damage in a part of cholinesterase molecules in cells and hepatocytes’ response by increased biosynthesis of this enzyme which then enters the blood. The same is peculiar to chronic poisoning, for example, with dibutyl phenyl phosphate (7).

Dynamics of biochemical blood parameters in Black-and-White cows at 4-times surface treatment with butox (n = 5, M±m, Omsk province)

Parameter

Group

Number of treatment

In 30 days
after the 4th treatment

1

2

3

4

Choline esterase, U/l

C

305,5±8,5

304,4±23,4

349,3±10,7

344,5±17,0

343,8±15,9

E

361,3±19,7**

310,6±13,6

372,1±18,7

418,5±34,9

379,5±15,3

Alkaline phosphatase, U/l

C

34,6±2,3

29,5±2,3

38,7±0,6

39,6±1,6

45,2±0,9

E

68,9±20,7

56,9±14,5*

64,9±13,5*

63,3±7,9

83,2±10,5*

Acid phosphatase, U/l

C

0,4±0,2

0,6±0,1

0,7±0,2

0,4±0,9

2,3±0,1

E

1,5±0,5*

1,2±0,2*

1,5±0,5*

0,5±0,1**

2,4±0,2

Bilirubin, umol/l

C

5,7±0,2

6,4±3,1

3,2±0,5

3,9±0,9

8,9±0,6

E

3,6±0,7**

4,9±1,3

4,0±0,9

4,1±1,2

9,3±0,4

Aspartate aminotransferase, U/l

C

144,6±2,3

209,9±30,9

110,6±21,7

149,9±10,0

128,0±3,7

E

150,3±12,3

150,2±8,3

150,3±13,9

148,3±12,5

121,6±7,0

Alanine aminotransferase, U/l

C

84,2±15,9

100,0±22,6

80,7±2,2

91,8±9,0

61,5±4,8

E

69,9±6,8

94,9±11,6

107,7±14,3

94,6±10,6

62,2±7,0

Total protein, g/l

C

90,3±4,5

88,1±4,4

89,6±4,3

91,6±3,6

87,0±3,7

 

E

95,1±2,5

92,6±1,9

89,9±1,4

98,1±1,5

91,0±2,9

Albumins, g/l

C

45,1±1,2

48,4±1,6

51,7±0,6

48,4±2,2

39,4±1,3

 

E

49,3±1,5

49,5±1,5

49,6±3,2

47,3±1,1

42,3±0,8*

Globulins, g/l

C

45,2±5,5

39,7±5,7

37,9±4,8

43,2±5,1

47,6±4,9

 

E

45,7±2,2

43,1±3,1

40,3±3,7

50,8±1,3

48,8±2,3

Cholesterol, mol/l

C

2,2±0,1

3,6±0,6

3,2±0,1

4,8±0,9

4,9±0,4

 

E

2,1±0,1

1,8±0,1

2,8±0,2

3,8±0,3

4,9±0,1

Cholesterol HDL, mol/l

C

1,5±0,1

1,8±0,2

1,9±0,2

2,5±0,3

2,1±0,2

E

1,5±0,1

1,6±0,1

1,7±0,2

2,3±0,2

2,2±0,1

Creatinin, U/l

C

179,6±29,2

251,3±37,4

253,7±21,8

287,7±41,6

190,8±10,6

 

E

156,2±14,5

297,4±18,9

262,5±30,5

287,8±10,0

224,8±5,9*

Note. C and E – control and experimental groups, resp.; HDL – high-density lipoprotein.
* and ** resp. P < 0,05 and P < 0,01.

The increase in butox amount entering the liver tissue contributed to a rise of alkaline phosphatase activity in the blood plasma of the treated cows. By the end of the 10th, 20th, 30th and 60th day after the start of treatment this value exceeded that in control cows respectively by 99,1; 92,9; 67,7; 59,8 and 84,1%. Probably, alkaline phosphatase is transported to the bloodstream mainly from a biliary epithelium where it is very active. Increased activity of this enzyme is typical for health status associated with impaired bile formation or outflow, and toxic damage to the liver (8).
Elevated activity of this enzyme in the blood plasma of cows treated with butox occurred against a background of increased activity of acid phosphatase. By the end of the 10th, 20th and 30th  day the recorded value reliably exceeded that of control animals by, respectively, 248,8; 100,0; 114,3 and 25,0%. It is possible that butox treatment caused irritation in some structures of reproductive cells or in hematopoietic system where the activity of acid phosphatase is particularly high.
Despite the enhanced activity of all these three enzymes, the treated cows didn’t manifest any clinical symptoms of liver damage.  For example, bilirubin content in the blood plasma of these animals didn’t increase but even reduced by the end of the 1st day (by 36,8%; P <0,01). This could be the result of hemoglobin deficit developed due to suppressing effect of butox on its biosynthesis. In turn, a decrease in the hemoglobin pool inhibits the intensity of its destruction with subsequent reduce in formation of direct and indirect bilirubin.
Another fact suggesting preservation of a normal structure of the liver in treated cows was the absence of reliable differences in activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in the blood of experimental and control animals.
Hepatocytes are the main producers of plasma proteins (8), so the efficient maintenance of protein synthesis in the liver of experimental cows also indicated a normal state of these cells. Protein content in the blood plasma of the treated animals during the observation period didn’t reduce but even slightly increased.  Most of them (albumins, b- and a-globulins) are synthesized in hepatocytes. The content of albumin in the blood of experimental animals on the 60th day of the study reliably exceeded control by 7,4%.
In general, the content of globulin in the blood plasma of treated animals showed a trend to increase during the experiment thereby reflecting a physiological response to butox – the activation of biosynthesis of blood components providing immunity.
During the period of treatment there was detected a decrease of cholesterol content in the blood plasma of experimental cows. Since this substance is produced by liver cells, the observed reduce in its content indicated a moderate violation of their functioning. The most pronounced decrease in cholesterol content is peculiar to diffuse damage to the hepatic parenchyma (8, 9).
Kidneys play an important role in neutralization of foreign substances entering the body. This process is associated with release of active oxygen species that damage cell membrane structure, and that’s why butox could potentially cause damage to the kidneys weakening their ability to excrete creatinine (10). In the experimental group, creatinine content in the blood on the 60th day of research was 17,8% higher than in control non-treated cows (P <0.051).
Thus, the dynamics of blood biochemical parameters has proved a potential hazard of butox at multiple treatments of animals. The trends in activity of three enzymes – cholinesterase, alkaline and acid phosphatase – gradually increased after each treatment and remained elevated on the 30th day after the last treatment, which fact is diagnostically important in cases of chronic intoxication with butox.

REFERENES

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9. Marshall W.J., Klinicheskaya biokhimiya (Clinical Biochemistry), Moscow – St. Petersburg, 2000.
10. Painter P.C., Cope J.Y. and Smith J.L., Reference Information for the Clinical Laboratory, in Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry, Burtis C.A. and Ashwood E.R., Eds, Philadelphia: WB Saunders Сompany, 1999.

1P.A. Stolypin Omsk State Agrarian University, Omsk 644008, Russia,
e-mail: gerliud@mail.ru;
2Omsk State Technical University, Omsk 644050, Russia,
e-mail: bardina_55@mail.ru

Received November 3, 2011

 

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