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Сельскохозяйственная биология, 2010, № 2, с. 40-44.

УДК 636.2:636.084.56:[591.132+591.463.1]

EXOCRINOUS FUNCTION OF LIVER, PANCREAS AND SPERM PRODUCTION IN BULLS-SIRES AT THE VARIOUS RATIONS

A.A. Aliev, Z.M. Alieva

On bulls-sires of the Gray Caucasian breed with external anastomosis of bile-duct and pancreas the authors studied the efficiency of rations with various content and ratio of protein and energy components, and also with addition of soap stock and bombyx pupas. The coordinated shifts in bile, pancreatic juice secretion and sperm production have been shown on all diets studied. The greatest effect on these processes was revealed when soap stock was added to basic diets and especially when soap stock was fed with bombyx pupas.

Key words: bile secretion, pancreatic secretion, sperm production, bulls sires, diets, soap stock, bombyx pupas.

 

So far, there’s paucity of data on physiology of digestion and metabolism of bulls-sires, which is certainly an obstacle in development of more rational feeding and, therefore, exploitation of the animals. Feeding bulls-sires, especially the lipid nutrition, is rightly considered to be a poorly studied matter of animal husbandry (1). In a practice of artificial insemination stations, the protein value of a diet is in focus, to be increased in pre-coupling and coupling periods;  4% crude fat in dry matter of a diet is assumed to be sufficient. In our earlier studies on cattle and buffalo females, we have established the beneficial effect of soap stock and bombyx pupas addition to a diet on exocrinous function of liver and pancreas (2, 3).
The subject of our study was to evaluate the influence of different content and ratio of dietary protein combined with soap stock and bombyx pupas on exocrinous function of liver, pancreas and sperm production in bulls-sires.
Methods. On 4 bulls-sires the Gray Caucasian breed aged 3 years with an external anastomosis of  bile duct and pancreas (4) 5 diets were tested:

I - type (control) diet (recommended for bulls-sires by the All-Russian Research Institute of Animal Husbandry, Dubovytsa vil., Moscow region) keeping 114 g digestible protein (DP) in 1 fodder unit (FU);

II - 96 g DP in 1 FU, which is 15% less than in control;

III - 134 g DP in 1 FU, which is 15% more than in control;

IV - the composition of diet III with soap stock addition, thus increasing the content of crude fat in dry matter of a diet by 15%;

V - the composition of diet IV (along with a soap stock) with addition of 0,3 kg of bombyx pupas (obtained from the experimental farm of the Azerbaijan Research Institute of Sericulture, Gyanja city).

The diets with soap stock and bombyx pupas were consumed with great appetite.
The experiments were carried out in the vivarium of the All-Russian Research Institute of Physiology, Biochemistry and Nutrition of Farm Animals (Borovsk city) under the scheme of a Latin square (number of periods - 5, duration of each period - 30 days) (Table 1).
The volumes of bile and pancreatic juice were estimated in periods of 8 h during 3 days by the flexible schedule to cover all time of the day. 5% daily volume of bile and pancreatic juice was taken for analysis. The samples were analyzed and returned into the duodenum hourly.  The content of dry matter, nitrogen (total, protein and residual), amylolytic and lipolytic activity of the bile and pancreatic juice, proteolytic activity of pancreatic juice were determined by standard methods (3).
The sperm was taken by a standard method from each bull in 15, 20 and 30 days after the start of the experiment; ejaculate volume and density, mobility and viability of sperm were determined. Statistical processing of data was performed by a common way.
Results. The scheme of experiment is shown in Table 1.

1. The  scheme of experiment  to estimate the effects of diets with different content of protein and fat on digestion and sperm production in bulls-sires the Gray Caucasian breed (Latin square)
Period of experiment	Bull index				Diet
1-st	А	Б	В	Г	I
2-nd	А	Г	Б	В	II
3-rd	Б	В	Г	А	III
4-th	В	Б	А	Г	IV
5-th	Г	А	Б	В	V
N o t e : Composition of diets I-V see in “Methods”

Exocrinous function of the liver.
In experimental bulls-sires, the average daily secretion of bile varied from 581.5 to 757.2 ml (maximum – in animals fed diet V, minimum – at diet III with high protein content). The enzymatic activity of bile varied depending on composition of a diet.
The amylolytic activity of bile was 59-89 units / hour (the minimum was also observed at diet III, the maximum – at diet V). The lypolytic activity was equal to 542-794 units / h. Diet V (with soap stock and bombyx pupas) induced the optimal secretion rate and enzymatic activity of bile.

 

 

 

2.  Daily biochemical parameters of secretion of bile and pancreatic juice in bulls-sires of the Gray Caucasian breed, depending on composition of a diet (X±x)
Parameter	Diet (period)
	I (1-st)	II (2-nd)	III (3-rd)	IV (4-th)	V (5-th)
Bile
Volume, ml  *	15 062± 109	15 700± 98	13 957± 136	16 579± 183	18 173± 171
Activity, units.:  *
amylolytic	1464± 12	1632± 10	1416± 8	1752± 15	2136± 17
lipolytic	14 736± 39	15 912± 41	13 008± 23	17 112± 52	19 056± 81
Content, g:  **
dry matter	386,49± 6,50	417,84± 4,40	321,21± 7,40	525,20± 1,70	511,89± 8,30
total nitrogen	20,2± 0,3	26,3± 1,0	14,8± 0,5	34,2± 1,1	30,2± 0,7
protein nitrogen	16,6± 0,4	19,2± 1,0	12,1± 0,5	24,5± 0,3	21,6± 0,6
residual nitrogen	3,6± 0,3	7,1± 0,3	2,7± 0,3	9,7± 0,6	8,6± 0,6
Pancreatic juice
Volume, ml  ***	4538,00± 54,00	5032,00± 79,00	3969,00± 11,70	5257,00± 42,00	5419,67± 15,00
Activity, thousand units.: ***
amylolytic	804,0± 6,4	931,2± 5,7	722,4± 3,5	1084,8± 6,3	1005,6± 8,2
lipolytic	2192,0± 15,2	2643,0± 18,4	1622,4± 11,7	3088,8± 20,3	3564,0± 17,6
proteolytic	338,4±3,2	391,2±2,1	273,6±2,1	475,2±4,3	542,4±3,7
Continued Table 2
Content, g:  ****
dry matter	77,14± 3,70	90,51± 3,10	59,53± 2,70	92,36± 3,80	106,70± 3,80
total nitrogen	6,04±0,30	7,78±0,50	4,51±0,20	9,48±0,50	11,31±0,60
protein nitrogen	4,67±0,20	5,21±0,30	3,66±0,30	7,46±0,50	8,81±0,50
residual nitrogen	1,37±0,20	2,57±0,30	0,85±0,02	2,03±0,30	2,50±0,30
The ratio of protein and non-protein nitrogen	3,41:1,00	2,03:1,00	4,30:1,00	3,67:1,00	3,52:1,00
Free amino acids:  *
concentration, ml/100 g	40,86±0,96	38,97±0,41	40,70±0,97	77,89±0,60	66,01±1,10
total, mg	1740±152	1960±189	1705±195	4149±555	1929±187
irreplaceable, mg	672,0	716,5	635,0	1544,7	833,0
interchangeable, mg	1068,1	1243,5	1080,7	2604,5	1091,2
АI	0,63	0,58	0,58	0,59	0,77
N o t e: The same as in Table 1. AI (amino acid index) - the ratio of irreplaceable to interchangeable amino acids. *, **, *** and **** accordingly, p <0,01-0,001; p <0,01-0,02; p <0,01-0,0001 and p <0,001-0,02.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The excess of protein in a diet inhibited secretion and enzymatic activity of bile, and the addition of soap stock to a diet stimulated the increase of these parameters (Table 2).

The reduction of protein content in a diet by 15% without changing the number of feed units, caused an increase in hepatic and intestinal transport of dry matter and nitrogenous components of bile, and an excess of protein caused a decrease of these parameters (see Table. 2) . The increase in protein and energy value of a diet provided by soap stock addition, enhanced the hepatic-intestinal transport of dry matter and its nitrogen components, especially the protein nitrogen. The addition of bombyx pupas to the diet with soap stock caused a positive effect on parameters of hepatic-intestinal transport.

Exocrinous function of pancreas.
In our earlier studies at young cattle and cows, we showed that the exocrinous functions of liver and pancreas are strictly linked: liver produces 3,0 - 3,7 ml bile into duodenum per 1 ml of pancreatic juice (5). In the experiment with bulls-sires, this ratio was equal to 3,5:1,0. The diet affected the ratio via secretory function of liver and pancreas both. For example, diet I induced the secretion of bile equal to 15 062, pancreatic juice - 4538 ml / day with a ratio of 3,3:1,0,  diet V - 18 173, 5419 ml / day, respectively, with a ratio of 3,4:1,0.
The diet with excessive protein performed a low secretion rate of  pancreatic juice, and high – with addition of bombyx pupas (see Table. 2).
The daily proteolytic activity of pancreatic juice varied from 338.4 to 542.4 thousand units. The minimum rates were found among the animals fed diet III, maximum – at diet V. The excessive protein in a diet suppressed proteolytic activity of pancreatic juice. The excessive dietary protein combined with the increase in energy value (particularly, due to soap stock), stimulated raise of proteolytic activity of pancreas juice.
The lypolityc activity of pancreatic juice varied in a wide range depending on a diet: 2.2-fold difference was found between the minimum of the parameter (diet III) and its maximum (diet V). When the animals were fed diet IV (with soap stock), the lypolitic activity of pancreatic juice raised twice, though not reached the levels found at diet V.
Alterations in amylolytic activity of pancreatic juice, in general, repeated the patterns revealed for the lipolytic activity.
The pancreatic-intestinal transport of dry matter and its nitrogenous components.
The dry matter content in pancreatic juice varied from 1,49 (diet III) to 2,16% (diet V). For this parameter, diet V with bombyx pupas yielded the diet with high protein and energy value.
The value of daily pancreatic-intestinal transport of dry matter varied considerably - from 59,5 (diet III) to 106,7 g (diet V). The both secretion and increase in protein content in a diet stimulated pancreatic-intestinal transport of dry matter. The excess of protein, on the contrary, inhibited these processes, while the excessive protein and energy both, caused by soap stock, restored them .
The pancreatic-intestinal transport of total nitrogen was distinct at diets III and V in favor of V (about 300%); the highest value was at diet V.
The value of pancreatic-intestinal transport of protein nitrogen was minimum when feeding diet III and maximum – at diet V. At diet II compared with diet I, the rate of pancreatic and intestinal transport of protein nitrogen increased by 11,0%, non-protein - by 87,9%. Consumption of diet III induced the decrease of pancreatic-intestinal transport of both forms of nitrogen, IV – an increase of protein nitrogen transport by 59.7, non-protein - by 48,2%.
That was the first time we detected free amino acids (FAA) in pancreatic juice; FAA concentration varied from 40 to 79 mg/100 ml, daily secretion volume - from 173 to 422 g. In periods of feeding diets I, II and III, FAA concentrations in pancreatic juice were almost identical, the highest - at diet V (see Table. 2). Most of FAA in pancreatic juice was represented by amino acids (relatively large number of irreplaceable amino acids was found only at diet V).
Sperm production depending on a diet.
A composition of a diet affected both volume and quality of sperm in bulls-sires (Table 3).

At diet II (protein deficite), the trend to decrease in sperm production by an average of 0.2 ml in one ejaculate was observed, at diet III (rich in protein) – the expected raise in number of sperm in one ejaculate by 0.6 ml (or 12,5 %). The high content of protein combined with soap stock induced a positive effect on a volume of ejaculate, which increased by 1.6 ml (or 33,3 %). Even more significant increase in sperm production in bulls-sires was established during feeding diet V: the volume of a single ejaculate reached 7.0 ml exceeding the control by 2.2 ml, or 45.8%.
The number of sperm per ejaculate didn’t differ in versions with control and diet II, though diet III performed the trend towards a raise by 0,20Í106/ml, or 18,8%. A further increase was found in the period of feeding animals with high-protein diet IV including soap stock, the greatest value – at diet V (1,40Í109/ml, or exceeding the control by 0,34Í109/ml).   
The higher mobility of sperm was found at diet V, with no significant differences for other diets. The diets influence on viability of sperm ranked in descending order as follows: diet V > diet IV > diet III.
Thus, the decrease in protein content by 15% (diet II) against the recommended (diet I), suppressed the exocrinous function of liver and pancreas, the increase by 15% (diet III) relative to control (I) stimulated secretion rate and lypolytic activity of bile, had maintained its amylolytic acrivity. At the same time, the content in bile of dry matter, the hepato-intestinal transport of dry matter, total nitrogen and its components, were significantly raising.
During the period of feeding diet III, the animals demonstrated the decrease in secretion of pancreatic juice,  in its enzymatic activity and pancreatic-intestinal transport of FAA. The addition of soap stock to diet III (diet IV) beneficially affected the exocrinous function of liver and pancreas, as well as sperm production. After the addition of bombyx pupas to diet VI (diet V), all the studied processes enhanced even more.
Thus, the exocrinous function of liver and pancreas, sperm production and sperm quality depend on composition of a diet; these processes are strictly linked and coordinated with each other. In pre-coupling  and  coupling periods, bulls-sires require an adequate increase in energy value and protein content of a diet. For this purpose, the data from literature (6) and our experiment suggest using soap stock and bombyx pupas as an effective additive to the diet of bulls-sires.

REFERENCES

1. Kalashnikov A.P., Kormleniye molochnogo skota (Nutrition of Dairy Cattle), Moscow, 1978.
2. Aliev A.A. and Kafarov M.Sh., Effects of Feeding Soap Stock on Digestion and Milk Productivity of Buffalo Females and Cows, in Mat. IV Simp. po phiziologii i biokhimii laktatsii
(Papers of IV Simp. on the Physiology and Biochemistry of Lactation), Baku, 1974, pp. 10-11.
3. Aliev A.A., Iskenderov B.F. and Mirzoev E.T., Effects of Different Content of Fat in a Diet on the Secretory Function of Liver and Pancreas in Young Cattle, Bull. VNIIFBiP s.-kh. zhivotnykh, 1975, vol. 3(38), pp. 50-52.
4. Aliev A.A., Eksperimentalnaya khirurgiya (Experimental surgery. Tutorial), Moscow, 1998.
5.  Aliev A.A. and Alieva Z.M., Vyvedeniye kanyul’ iz obshego zhelchnogo i pankreaticheskogo protokov u krupnogo rogatogo skota (Setting of Cannulae from the Common Bile and Bancreatic Duct in Cattle). Fiziol. Zh. SSSR, 1972, vol. 53 (II), pp. 1736-1737.
6. Milovanov V.K., Biologiya vosproizvedeniya i iskusstvennogo osemeneniya zhivotnykh (Biology of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination of Animals), Moscow, 1962.

Scientific Research Institute of Physiology, Biochemistry and Nutrition of Farm Animals, Russian Academy of Sciences, Borovsk 249013, Russia e-mail: bifip@kaluga.ru

Received  December 2, 2008