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doi: 10.15389/agrobiology.2019.1.3eng

UDC 632

 

PHYTOPLASMA DISEASES: A REVIEW OF 50 YEAR HISTORY AND CURRENT ADVANCES

D.Z. Bogoutdinov1, T.B. Kastalyeva2, N.V. Girsova2, L.N. Samsonova3

1Samara State Agricultural Academy, 2, ul. Uchebnaya, pos. Ust’-Kinel’skii, Kinel’, 446442 Russia, e-mail bogoutdinov@list.ru (✉ corresponding author);
2All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, 5, ul. Institute, pos. Bol’shie Vyazemy, Odintsovskii Region, Moscow Province, 143050 Russia, e-mail kastalyeva@vniif.ru, ngirsova@yandex.ru;
3Petrovskaya Akademy of Sciences and Arts, 7. ul. Karbysheva, St. Peterburg, 194021 Russia

ORCID:
Bogoutdinov D.Z. orcid.org/0000-0001-5081-0739
Girsova N.V. orcid.org/0000-0002-6029-2557
Kastalyeva T.B. orcid.org/0000-0003-3978-9419

Received July 18, 2018

 

Phytoplasma diseases were known long before the discovery of their agent. Since the early 1930s in the former Soviet Union the infectious nature of the disease known under the name of “stolbur of tomato” has been recognized. Attempts were made to find vectors of the disease (I.K. Korachewski, 1934; V.L. Ryzhkov et al., 1934). In 1945 it was found that planthopper Hyalesthes obsoletus can be the disease vector (K. Sukhov et al., 1946). Searching for an infec-tious agent of plant diseases with symptoms of dwarfism, yellowing, damaged leaves and genera-tive organs, which was unable to grow on artificial nutrient media was unsuccessfully conducted for several decades in our country and abroad. The discovery was made only in 1967 by Japanese researchers (Y. Doi et al., 1967). The causative agent of the disease, the unknown earlier phyto-pathogen from Mollicutes class, was similar to mycoplasma pathogens of animals. Later it was found that the life cycle of phytoplasmas is associated with the phloem cells of the plants, in which they multiply, and with vector insects of Hemiptera order which are feeding plant juice and able not only to support the phytoplasma reproduction in their body, but even transmit phy-toplasma to the offspring. Phytoplasmas, like other Mollicutes, have no cell wall; they have a minimal genome known to cellular organisms, which causes their obligate parasitism. In the ex-USSR, phytoplasma disease was extensively studied by electron microscopy, immunological meth-ods, and phytoplasma were successfully cultured on artificial nutrient media. Three decades later Italian researchers managed to culture the infective agent on artificial media and confirmed its belonging to phytoplasma by DNA sequencing (А. Bertaccini et al., 2010; N. Contaldo et al., 2012, 2013). In 1990s, a great step forward was made due to molecular methods of phytoplasma diagno-sis and study. Phytoplasmas’ taxonomy was developed based on the conservative 16S ribosomal RNA gene and further elaborated with the involvement of other genes having both highly and less conserved sequences (I.-M. Lee et al., 1993; B. Schneider et al., 1993, 1997; I.-M. Lee et al. 1998, 2010; М. Martini et al., 2007). The next important step was a discovery of virulence factors of phytoplasma affecting host plants and making them more attractive to insect vectors naturally involved in the spread of phytoplasmas. In recent years, a lot of genomic data has been obtained for various phytoplasmas; attention is paid to elucidate phytoplasma metabolism which is im-portant to understand the host—pathogen—vector interactions (К. Oshima et al., 2004; Х. Bai et al., 2006; А. Hoshi et al., 2009; А. Sugio et al., 2011; А. MacLean et al., 2011; К. Sugawara et al., 2013; Z. Orlovskis et al., 2016). In Russia, molecular methods have allowed the researchers to re-veal the phytoplasma nature of a group of diseases with unclear etiology that gives the key to control of these widespread and harmful diseases. Prevention is the primary means of controlling phytoplasma diseases, including the use of healthy planting material, resistant varieties, methods aimed at spatial isolation from sources of infection, weed eradication, and the use of bioprepara-tion and bioagents capable of producing tetracycline antibiotics.

Keywords: phytoplasma, phytoplasma diseases, yellows, witches’-broom, stolbur, phytoplasma vectors, phytoplasma taxonomy, phytoplasma marker genes.

 

 

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